3rd test Flashcards by Briana Livesay

the belief, strongly held by Herbert Hoover and others, that hard work and individual effort, absent government interference, comprised the formula for success in the U.S.

American individualism

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the withdrawal by a large number of individuals or investors of money from a bank due to fears of the bank’s instability, with the ironic effect of increasing the bank’s vulnerability to failure

bank run

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October 29, 1929, when a mass panic caused a crash in the stock market and stockholders divested over sixteen million shares, causing the overall value of the stock market to drop precipitously

Black Tuesday

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a group of World War I veterans and affiliated groups who marched to Washington in 1932 to demand their war bonuses early, only to be refused and forcibly removed by the U.S. Army

Bonus Army

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Hoover’s repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary that justified American military intervention in Latin American affairs; this memorandum improved relations with America’s neighbors by reasserting that intervention would occur only in the event of European interference in the Western Hemisphere

Clark Memorandum

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the area in the middle of the country that had been badly overfarmed in the 1920s and suffered from a terrible drought that coincided with the Great Depression; the name came from the “black blizzard” of topsoil and dust that blew through the area

Dust Bowl

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infamous trial in Scottsboro Alabama in 1931, where nine African American boys were falsely accused of raping two white women and sentenced to death; the extreme injustice of the trial, particularly given the age of the boys and the inadequacy of the testimony against them, garnered national and international attention

Scottsboro Boys

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the tariff approved by Hoover to raise the tax on thousands of imported goods in the hope that it would encourage people to buy American-made products; the unintended result was that other nations raised their tariffs, further hurting American exports and exacerbating the global financial crisis

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

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the practice of investing in risky financial opportunities in the hopes of a fast payout due to market fluctuations

speculation

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Which of the following is a cause of the stock
market crash of 1929?
A. too many people invested in the market
B. investors made risky investments with
borrowed money
C. the federal government invested heavily in
business stock
D. World War I created optimal conditions for
an eventual crash

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Which of the following groups would not be
considered “the deserving poor” by social welfare
groups and humanitarians in the 1930s?
A. vagrant children
B. unemployed workers
C. stock speculators
D. single mothers

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What were Hoover’s plans when he first entered office, and how were these reflective of the years that preceded the Great Depression?

-establish agenda that would promote continued
economic prosperity and eradicate poverty.
-eliminate federal regulations of the economy, which
he believed would allow for maximum growth. Americans
-he advocated a spirit of rugged individualism:
-reflected both the prosperity and optimism of the previous decade and a continuation of the postwar “return to normalcy” championed by Hoover’s Republican predecessors.

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Which of the following protests was directly
related to federal policies, and thus had the
greatest impact in creating a negative public
perception of the Hoover presidency?
A. the Farm Holiday Association
B. the Ford Motor Company labor strikes
C. the Bonus Expeditionary Force
D. the widespread appearance of
“Hooverville” shantytowns

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Which of the following groups or bodies did
not offer direct relief to needy people?
A. the federal government
B. local police and schoolteachers
C. churches and synagogues
D. wealthy individuals

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What attempts did Hoover make to offer
federal relief? How would you evaluate the
success or failure of these programs?

formed the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in 1932.
In 1932 endorsed the Emergency Relief and Construction Act

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Which of the following hardships did African
Americans not typically face during the Great
Depression?
A. lower farm wages in the South
B. the belief that white workers needed jobs
more than their black counterparts
C. white workers taking historically “black”
jobs, such as maids and janitors
D. widespread race riots in large urban centers

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Which of the following was not a key factor in
the conditions that led to the Dust Bowl?
A. previous overcultivation of farmland
B. decreasing American demand for farm
produce
C. unfavorable weather conditions
D. poor farming techniques regarding proper
irrigation and acreage rotation

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What did the popular movies of the
Depression reveal about American values at that
time? How did these values contrast with the
values Americans held before the Depression?

-assuage the fears and frustrations of many Americans suffering through the Depression and reinforce the idea that communal efforts would help to address the hardships.

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Which assessment of Herbert Hoover’s
presidency is most accurate?
A. Hoover’s policies caused the stock market
crash and subsequent depression.
B. Although he did not cause the stock market
crash, Hoover deserves criticism for his
inadequate response to it.
C. Hoover pledged a great deal of direct
federal aid to unemployed Americans,
overtaxing the federal budget and
worsening the financial crisis.
D. Hoover disapproved of American
capitalism and therefore attempted to
forestall any concrete solutions to the
Depression.

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Which of the following phrases best
characterizes Herbert Hoover’s foreign policy
agenda?
A. interventionist, in terms of unwanted
interference in other nations’ affairs
B. militaristic, in terms of strengthening
American armed forces
C. isolationist, in terms of preventing
America’s interaction with other nations
D. mutual respect, in terms of being available
to support others when called upon, but not
interfering unnecessarily in their affairs

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unofficial advisory cabinet to President Franklin Roosevelt, originally gathered while he was governor of New York, to present possible solutions to the nations’ problems; among its prominent members were Rexford Tugwell, Raymond Moley, and Adolph Berle

Brains Trust

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a public program for unemployed young men from relief families who were put to work on conservation and land management projects around the country

Civilian Conservation Corps

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the period between the election and the inauguration of a new president; when economic conditions worsened significantly during the four-month lag between Roosevelt’s win and his move into the Oval Office, Congress amended the Constitution to limit this period to two months

interregnum

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a series of programs designed to help the population’s most vulnerable—the unemployed, those over age sixty-five, unwed mothers, and the disabled—through various pension, insurance, and aid programs

social security

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Roosevelt’s plan, after being reelected, to pack the Supreme Court with an additional six justices, one for every justice over seventy who refused to step down

supreme court packing plan

a federal agency tasked with the job of planning and developing the area through flood control, reforestation, and hydroelectric power projects

Tennessee Valley Authority

program run by Harry Hopkins that provided jobs for over eight million Americans from its inception to its closure in 1943

Works Progress Administration

Which of the following best describes Roosevelt’s attempts to push his political agenda in the last months of Hoover’s presidency? A. Roosevelt spoke publicly on the issue of direct relief. B. Roosevelt met privately with Hoover to convince him to institute certain policy shifts before his presidency ended. C. Roosevelt awaited his inauguration before introducing any plans. D. Roosevelt met secretly with members of Congress to attempt to win their favor

Which of the following policies did Roosevelt not include among his early ideas for a New Deal? A. public works B. government regulation of the economy C. elimination of the gold standard D. aid to farmers

What was the purpose of Roosevelt’s “Brains | Trust?”

to advise him in his inception of a variety of relief and recovery programs. Among other things, the members of this group pushed for a new national tax policy; addressed the nation’s agricultural problems; advocated an increased role for the federal government in setting wages and prices; and believed that the federal government could temper the boom-and-bust cycles that rendered the economy unstable. These advisors helped to craft the legislative programs that Roosevelt presented to Congress.

Which of the following was not a policy undertaken by the NIRA? A. agreement among industries to set prices B. agreement among industries to reinvest profits into their firms C. agreement among industries to set production levels D. recognition of the right of workers to form unions

``` What type of help did the CWA provide? A. direct relief B. farm refinancing C. bank reform D. employment opportunities ```

In what ways did the New Deal both provide direct relief and create new jobs? Which programs served each of these goals?

- Civilian Conservation Corps - Public Works Administration (the latter under the auspices of the National Industrial Recovery Act). - Both employed millions of - Federal Emergency Relief - Direct relief

How did the NRA seek to protect workers? | What difficulties did this agency face?

established a “code of fair practice” for every industry. -minimum wage and maximum work hours, - recognize workers’ rights to organize and use collective bargaining. - difficult to adapt this plan successfully for diverse industries with different characteristics and practices.

``` Which of the following statements accurately describes Mary McLeod Bethune? A. She was a prominent supporter of the Townsend Plan. B. She was a key figure in the NYA. C. She was Eleanor Roosevelt’s personal secretary. D. She was a labor organizer ```

``` The Social Security Act borrowed some ideas from which of the following? A. the Townsend Plan B. the Division of Negro Affairs C. the Education Trust D. the NIRA ```

``` What was the first New Deal agency to hire women openly? A. the NRA B. the WPA C. the AAA D. the TVA ```

What were the major goals and | accomplishments of the Indian New Deal?

- put an end to the policies set forth in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. - promoted Indians’ development of local self-government and the preservation of Indian artifacts and heritage.

the principle of cooperation among nations, for the promotion of their common good

interventionism.

policy of isolating country from affairs of other nations by declining to enter alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements, etc

isolationism

Allied powers

Great Britain, France (except during the German occupation, 1940–44), the Soviet Union (after its entry in June 1941), the United States (after its entry on December 8, 1941), and China.

Axis powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan.

the nickname given to the leaders of Allied nations: Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin

Big Three

those who, for religious or philosophical reasons, refuse to serve in the armed forces

conscientious objectors

D-day

June 6, 1944, the date of the invasion of Normandy, France, by British, Canadian, and American forces, which opened a second front in Europe

Double Vcampaign

a campaign by African Americans to win victory over the enemy overseas and victory over racism at home

the plane that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima

Enola Gay

the order given by President Roosevelt to relocate and detain people of Japanese ancestry, including those who were American citizens

Executive Order 9066

a political ideology that places a heightened focus on national unity, through dictatorial rule, and militarism

fascism

the forced collection of the West Coast Japanese and Japanese American population into ten relocation centers for the greater part of World War II

internment

the code name given to the research project that developed the atomic bomb

Manhattan Project

material

equipment and supplies used by the military

a flamboyant outfit favored by young African American and Mexican American men

zoot suit

The United States Senator who led the noninterventionists in Congress and called for neutrality legislation in the 1930s was ________. A. Gerald P. Nye B. Robert Wagner C. George C. Marshall D. Neville Chamberlain

Describe Franklin Roosevelt’s efforts on behalf of German Jews in the 1930s. How was he able to help, and in what ways did his actions come up short?

- recalled American ambassador from Germany. - made no move to relax national immigration quotas, which would have allowed persecuted German Jews to take refuge in the United States. - failed to support legislation that would have enabled Jewish children to enter the country. - refused to intervene when ship carrying German refugees, most of whom were Jewish, was turned away from Cuba and looked to the US for help.

During World War II, unionized workers agreed ________. A. to work without pay B. to go without vacations or days off C. to live near the factories to save time commuting D. to keep production going by not striking

The program to recruit Mexican agricultural workers during World War II was the ________. A. bracero program B. maquiladora program C. brazzos program D. campesino program

Which of the following demands did the Soviet Union make of Britain and the United States? A. the right to try all Nazi war criminals in the Soviet Union B. the invasion of North Africa to help the Soviet Union’s ally Iraq C. the invasion of western Europe to draw German forces away from the Soviet Union D. the right to place Communist Party leaders in charge of the German government

What did Roosevelt mean to achieve with his demand for Germany and Japan’s unconditional surrender?

- reassurance to Soviet Union of the nation’s loyalty, - prepare Axis for a complete postwar transformation, - prevent other nations from engaging in negotiations that would undermine Big Three’s plans for the defeated belligerents.

What were the phases of the Holocaust?

1) prison camps | 2) invasion of eastern Europe, extermination camps,

``` Which of the following islands had to be captured in order to provide a staging area for U.S. bombing raids against Japan? A. Sakhalin B. Iwo Jima C. Molokai D. Reunion ```

What purpose did the Allied strategy of | island hopping serve?

The goal was to get close enough to the Japanese home islands to achieve air superiority, paving the way for Allied assaults by air or water.

Why might President Truman have made the decision to drop the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki?

- end the war quickly - save lives by avoiding an invasion of the Japanese home islands - demonstrate America’s power to Soviet Union and hoped that the unleashing of his nuclear arsenal would send a strong message to Stalin.

Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922

President Warren G. Harding’s administration participated, reduced the size of the navies of the nine signatory nations.

a marked increase in the U.S. birthrate during 1946–1964

baby boom

a list of people suspected of having Communist sympathies who were denied work as a result

blacklist

the prolonged period of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, based on ideological conflicts and competition for military, economic, social, and technological superiority, and marked by surveillance and espionage, political assassinations, an arms race, attempts to secure alliances with developing nations, and proxy wars

Cold War

the U.S. policy that sought to limit the expansion of Communism abroad

containment

the removal of laws and policies requiring the separation of different racial or ethnic groups

desegregation

the theory that if Communism made inroads in one nation, surrounding nations would also succumb one by one, like a chain of dominos toppling one another

domino theory

President Harry Truman’s program of economic and social reform

Fair Deal

a program that gave substantial benefits to those who served in World War II

GI Bill

a term coined by Winston Churchill to refer to portions of Eastern Europe that the Soviet Union had incorporated into its sphere of influence and that no longer were free to manage their own affairs

Iron Curtain

suburban housing developments consisting of acres of mass-produced homes

Levittowns

the nickname for the nine African American high school students who first integrated Little Rock’s Central High School

Little Rock Nine

a program giving billions of dollars of U.S. aid to European countries to prevent them from turning to Communism

Marshall Plan

a defense strategy, sometimes called “mutually assured destruction” or MAD, adopted by Eisenhower that called for launching a large-scale nuclear attack on the Soviet Union in response to a first Soviet strike at the United States

massive retaliation

the matrix of relationships between officials in the Defense Department and executives in the defense industry who all benefited from increases in defense spending

military-industrial complex

a musical form popular among the baby boomers that encompassed styles ranging from county to blues, and embraced themes such as youthful rebellion and love

rock and roll

the first manmade orbital satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in October 1957

Sputnik

the political belief that states possess authority beyond federal law, which is usually seen as the supreme law of the land, and thus can act in opposition to federal law

states’ rights

``` Truman referred to his program of economic and social reform as the ________. A. New Deal B. Square Deal C. Fair Deal D. Straight Deal ```

Which of the following pieces of Truman’s domestic agenda was rejected by Congress? A. the Taft-Hartley Act B. national healthcare C. the creation of a civil rights commission D. funding for schools

How did the GI Bill help veterans return to | civilian life? What were its limitations?

-provided returning veterans with a year of unemployment compensation, -It allowed them to receive low-interest loans to buy homes or start businesses, -paid for tuition for those who wished to attend college or vocational school. -African American veterans could use their educational benefits only to attend schools that accepted black students, and some -Mexican American veterans had difficulty gaining access to their benefits. -those who had received a dishonorable discharge were not eligible, thousands of gay and lesbian servicemen and women who had been dishonorably discharged for their sexual orientation were unable to receive benefits.

``` What was the policy of trying to limit the expansion of Soviet influence abroad? A. restraint B. containment C. isolationism D. quarantine ```

``` The Truman administration tried to help Europe recover from the devastation of World War II with the ________. A. Economic Development Bank B. Atlantic Free Trade Zone C. Byrnes Budget D. Marshall Plan ```

What was agreed to at the armistice talks | between North and South Korea?

The border between North and South Korea was established close to the original line along the thirty-eighth parallel, with a demilitarized zone serving as a buffer. Prisoners of war were free to decide whether they wanted to be returned home.

``` The name of the first manmade satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, was ________. A. Triton B. Cosmolskaya C. Pravda D. Sputnik ```

``` The first Levittown was built ________. A. in Bucks County, Pennsylvania B. in Nassau County, New York C. near Newark, New Jersey D. near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ```

How did suburbanization help the economy?

9. The construction of houses meant more work for people in the construction trades, including plumbers and electricians, and for those who worked in the lumber and appliance industries. The growth of the suburbs also led to a boom in the manufacture and sale of automobiles, which, in turn, created jobs for those in the steel, rubber, and oil industries.

``` The disc jockey who popularized rock and roll was ________. A. Bill Haley B. Elvis Presley C. Alan Freed D. Ed Sullivan ```

What challenges did Hollywood face in the | 1950s?

Antitrust lawsuits deprived studios of their theaters, and the careers of many actors, directors, and screenwriters were destroyed by Senator McCarthy’s blacklist of suspected Communists. Meanwhile, the new technology of television drew audiences away from the movies by providing convenient at-home entertainment.

``` The NAACP lawyer who became known as “Mr. Civil Rights” was ________. A. Earl Warren B. Jackie Robinson C. OrvalFaubus D. Thurgood Marshall ```

The Arkansas governor who tried to prevent the integration of Little Rock High School was ________. A. Charles Hamilton Houston B. Kenneth Clark C. OrvalFaubus D. Clark Clifford

What was the significance of Shelley v. | Kraemer?

Shelley v. Kraemer held that state courts could not enforce agreements that prevented homeowners from selling to members of particular races. The ruling made it easier for African Americans to purchase houses in neighborhoods of their choosing.