3rd test Flashcards
the belief, strongly held by Herbert Hoover and others, that hard work and individual effort, absent government interference, comprised the formula for success in the U.S.
American individualism
the withdrawal by a large number of individuals or investors of money from a bank due to fears of the bank’s instability, with the ironic effect of increasing the bank’s vulnerability to failure
bank run
October 29, 1929, when a mass panic caused a crash in the stock market and stockholders divested over sixteen million shares, causing the overall value of the stock market to drop precipitously
Black Tuesday
a group of World War I veterans and affiliated groups who marched to Washington in 1932 to demand their war bonuses early, only to be refused and forcibly removed by the U.S. Army
Bonus Army
Hoover’s repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary that justified American military intervention in Latin American affairs; this memorandum improved relations with America’s neighbors by reasserting that intervention would occur only in the event of European interference in the Western Hemisphere
Clark Memorandum
the area in the middle of the country that had been badly overfarmed in the 1920s and suffered from a terrible drought that coincided with the Great Depression; the name came from the “black blizzard” of topsoil and dust that blew through the area
Dust Bowl
infamous trial in Scottsboro Alabama in 1931, where nine African American boys were falsely accused of raping two white women and sentenced to death; the extreme injustice of the trial, particularly given the age of the boys and the inadequacy of the testimony against them, garnered national and international attention
Scottsboro Boys
the tariff approved by Hoover to raise the tax on thousands of imported goods in the hope that it would encourage people to buy American-made products; the unintended result was that other nations raised their tariffs, further hurting American exports and exacerbating the global financial crisis
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
the practice of investing in risky financial opportunities in the hopes of a fast payout due to market fluctuations
speculation
Which of the following is a cause of the stock
market crash of 1929?
A. too many people invested in the market
B. investors made risky investments with
borrowed money
C. the federal government invested heavily in
business stock
D. World War I created optimal conditions for
an eventual crash
B
Which of the following groups would not be
considered “the deserving poor” by social welfare
groups and humanitarians in the 1930s?
A. vagrant children
B. unemployed workers
C. stock speculators
D. single mothers
C
What were Hoover’s plans when he first entered office, and how were these reflective of the years that preceded the Great Depression?
-establish agenda that would promote continued
economic prosperity and eradicate poverty.
-eliminate federal regulations of the economy, which
he believed would allow for maximum growth. Americans
-he advocated a spirit of rugged individualism:
-reflected both the prosperity and optimism of the previous decade and a continuation of the postwar “return to normalcy” championed by Hoover’s Republican predecessors.
Which of the following protests was directly
related to federal policies, and thus had the
greatest impact in creating a negative public
perception of the Hoover presidency?
A. the Farm Holiday Association
B. the Ford Motor Company labor strikes
C. the Bonus Expeditionary Force
D. the widespread appearance of
“Hooverville” shantytowns
C
Which of the following groups or bodies did not offer direct relief to needy people? A. the federal government B. local police and schoolteachers C. churches and synagogues D. wealthy individuals
A
What attempts did Hoover make to offer
federal relief? How would you evaluate the
success or failure of these programs?
- formed the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in 1932.
- In 1932 endorsed the Emergency Relief and Construction Act
Which of the following hardships did African
Americans not typically face during the Great
Depression?
A. lower farm wages in the South
B. the belief that white workers needed jobs
more than their black counterparts
C. white workers taking historically “black”
jobs, such as maids and janitors
D. widespread race riots in large urban centers
D
Which of the following was not a key factor in
the conditions that led to the Dust Bowl?
A. previous overcultivation of farmland
B. decreasing American demand for farm
produce
C. unfavorable weather conditions
D. poor farming techniques regarding proper
irrigation and acreage rotation
B
What did the popular movies of the
Depression reveal about American values at that
time? How did these values contrast with the
values Americans held before the Depression?
-assuage the fears and frustrations of many Americans suffering through the Depression and reinforce the idea that communal efforts would help to address the hardships.
Which assessment of Herbert Hoover’s presidency is most accurate? A. Hoover’s policies caused the stock market crash and subsequent depression. B. Although he did not cause the stock market crash, Hoover deserves criticism for his inadequate response to it. C. Hoover pledged a great deal of direct federal aid to unemployed Americans, overtaxing the federal budget and worsening the financial crisis. D. Hoover disapproved of American capitalism and therefore attempted to forestall any concrete solutions to the Depression.
B
Which of the following phrases best
characterizes Herbert Hoover’s foreign policy
agenda?
A. interventionist, in terms of unwanted
interference in other nations’ affairs
B. militaristic, in terms of strengthening
American armed forces
C. isolationist, in terms of preventing
America’s interaction with other nations
D. mutual respect, in terms of being available
to support others when called upon, but not
interfering unnecessarily in their affairs
D
unofficial advisory cabinet to President Franklin Roosevelt, originally gathered while he was governor of New York, to present possible solutions to the nations’ problems; among its prominent members were Rexford Tugwell, Raymond Moley, and Adolph Berle
Brains Trust
a public program for unemployed young men from relief families who were put to work on conservation and land management projects around the country
Civilian Conservation Corps
the period between the election and the inauguration of a new president; when economic conditions worsened significantly during the four-month lag between Roosevelt’s win and his move into the Oval Office, Congress amended the Constitution to limit this period to two months
interregnum
a series of programs designed to help the population’s most vulnerable—the unemployed, those over age sixty-five, unwed mothers, and the disabled—through various pension, insurance, and aid programs
social security
Roosevelt’s plan, after being reelected, to pack the Supreme Court with an additional six justices, one for every justice over seventy who refused to step down
supreme court packing plan
a federal agency tasked with the job of planning and developing the area through flood control, reforestation, and hydroelectric power projects
Tennessee Valley Authority
program run by Harry Hopkins that provided jobs for over eight million Americans from its inception to its closure in 1943
Works Progress Administration
Which of the following best describes
Roosevelt’s attempts to push his political agenda
in the last months of Hoover’s presidency?
A. Roosevelt spoke publicly on the issue of
direct relief.
B. Roosevelt met privately with Hoover to
convince him to institute certain policy
shifts before his presidency ended.
C. Roosevelt awaited his inauguration before
introducing any plans.
D. Roosevelt met secretly with members of
Congress to attempt to win their favor
C
Which of the following policies did Roosevelt
not include among his early ideas for a New Deal?
A. public works
B. government regulation of the economy
C. elimination of the gold standard
D. aid to farmers
D
What was the purpose of Roosevelt’s “Brains
Trust?”
to advise him in his inception of a variety of relief and recovery programs. Among other things, the members of this group pushed for a new national tax policy; addressed the nation’s agricultural problems; advocated an increased role for the federal government in setting wages and prices; and believed that the federal government could temper the boom-and-bust cycles that rendered the economy unstable.
These advisors helped to craft the legislative programs that Roosevelt presented to Congress.
Which of the following was not a policy
undertaken by the NIRA?
A. agreement among industries to set prices
B. agreement among industries to reinvest
profits into their firms
C. agreement among industries to set
production levels
D. recognition of the right of workers to form
unions
B
What type of help did the CWA provide? A. direct relief B. farm refinancing C. bank reform D. employment opportunities
D
In what ways did the New Deal both provide
direct relief and create new jobs? Which programs
served each of these goals?
- Civilian Conservation Corps
- Public Works Administration (the latter under the auspices of the National Industrial Recovery Act).
- Both employed millions of
- Federal Emergency Relief
- Direct relief
How did the NRA seek to protect workers?
What difficulties did this agency face?
established a “code of fair practice” for every industry. -minimum wage and maximum work hours,
- recognize workers’ rights to organize and use collective bargaining.
- difficult to adapt this plan successfully for diverse industries with different characteristics and practices.
Which of the following statements accurately describes Mary McLeod Bethune? A. She was a prominent supporter of the Townsend Plan. B. She was a key figure in the NYA. C. She was Eleanor Roosevelt’s personal secretary. D. She was a labor organizer
B
The Social Security Act borrowed some ideas from which of the following? A. the Townsend Plan B. the Division of Negro Affairs C. the Education Trust D. the NIRA
A
What was the first New Deal agency to hire women openly? A. the NRA B. the WPA C. the AAA D. the TVA
B
What were the major goals and
accomplishments of the Indian New Deal?
- put an end to the policies set forth in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887.
- promoted Indians’ development of local self-government and the preservation of Indian artifacts and heritage.
