4 Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components.
A
Structure
2
Q
may be classified based on size
A
Structural elements
3
Q
involves electrons within the individual atoms
A
Subatomic structure
4
Q
relates to the organization of atoms to yield molecules or crystals.
A
Atomic structure
5
Q
deals with aggregates of atoms that form particles (nanoparticles) that have nanoscale dimensions (less than about 100 nm).
A
Nanostructure
6
Q
those structural elements that are subject to direct observation using some type of microscope (between 100 nm and several millimeters)
A
Microstructure
7
Q
structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye
A
Macrostructure
8
Q
relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus (stiffness), strength, and resistance to fracture.
A
Mechanical properties
9
Q
the stimulus is an applied electric field; typical properties include electrical conductivity and dielectric constant.
A
Electrical properties
10
Q
are related to changes in temperature or temperature gradients across a material; examples of thermal behavior include thermal expansion and heat capacity.
A
Thermal properties
11
Q
the responses of a material to the application of a magnetic field; common magnetic properties include magnetic susceptibility and magnetization.
A
Magnetic properties
12
Q
the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties.
A
Optical properties
13
Q
composed of one or more metallic elements
A
Metals
14
Q
compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
A
Ceramics
15
Q
familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements
A
familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements
16
Q
composed of two (or more) individual materials that come from the categories previously discussed—metals, ceramics, and polymers.
A
composite
17
Q
polymeric materials that display rubbery-like behavior (high degrees of elastic deformation).
A
Elastomers
18
Q
those that occur in nature, for example, wood, leather, and cork.
A
Natural materials
19
Q
typically polymeric materials that have high porosities (contain a large volume fraction of small pores), which are often used for cushions and packaging.
A
Foams
20
Q
have electrical properties that are intermediate between those of electrical conductors and insulators
A
Semiconductors
21
Q
are materials that are implanted into the body, so that they function in a reliable, safe, and physiologically satisfactory manner, while interacting with living tissue.
A
Biomaterials
22
Q
are a group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies
A
Smart Materials
23
Q
used as a convenient way to help identify minerals
A
Mohs Hardness Scale
24
Q
measure of its relative resistance to scratching, measured by scratching the mineral against another substance.
A
mineral’s hardness
25
The Mohs Hardness scale is named for its creator, the German geologist and mineralogist
Friedrich Mohs
26
pure metals and/or compounds of which an alloy is composed of.
components
27
specific body of material under consideration (e.g., a ladle of molten steel); or it may relate to the series of possible alloys consisting of the same components but without regard to alloy composition.
System
28
Many alloy systems and at some specific temperature, there is a maximum concentration of solute atoms that may dissolve in the solvent to form a solid solution
Solubility Limit.
29
may be defined as a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical and chemical characteristics.
phase
30
single-phase system
homogeneous
31
Systems composed of two or more phases
mixtures or heterogeneous systems.
32
a function of the internal energy of a system and the randomness or disorder of the atoms or molecules (or entropy).
Free energy
33
refers to equilibrium as it applies to systems in which more than one phase may exist. It is reflected by a constant with time in the phase characteristics of a system.
Phase equilibrium
34
may persist indefinitely, experiencing only extremely slight and almost imperceptible changes as time progresses
metastable state or microstructure
35
phase structure of a particular system
Phase diagram
36
system involves a single component, such as a pure element or compound. These diagrams show how phases (solid, liquid, or gas) change with temperature and pressure for a single material.
Unary System
37
simplest form of binary phase diagram
Isomorphous systems
38
a complete solubility of each other in solid phase as well as in liquid phase.
Isomorphous systems
39
a complete solubility of each other in solid phase as well as in liquid phase.
Isomorphous systems
40
only a single type of crystal structure is obtained at all possible compositions.
Isomorphous systems
41
In all two-phase regions (and in two-phase regions only), one may imagine a series of horizontal lines, one at every temperature;
tie line or isotherm
42
The tie line must be used in conjunction with a procedure that is often called the
lever rule
43
energy associated with a chemical reaction that can be used to do work and is the sum of its enthalpy (H) and the product of the temperature and the entropy (S) of the system.
Gibbs Free Energy
44
time-dependent process—that is, in a macroscopic sense, the quantity of an element that is transported within another is a function of time.
Diffusion
45
especially low for the solid phase and, for both phases, decrease with diminishing temperature.
Diffusion rates
46
Often it is necessary to know how fast diffusion occurs, or the rate of mass transfer.
diffusion flux
47
movement of solute takes place from higher concentration to lower concentration.
Fick’s first law of diffusion
48
basically a linear equation with the dependent variable being the concentration of the chemical species under consideration.
Fick’s second law of diffusion
49
Quantum mechanics explains how electrons are arranged in discrete energy levels (or orbitals) around the nucleus. Electrons fill these levels according to the Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund's Rule. This arrangement affects chemical bonding, conductivity, and optical properties.
Atomic Orbitals and Energy Levels
50
A computational quantum mechanical modeling method used to investigate the electronic structure of atoms, molecules, and solids.
Density Functional Theory (DFT)
51
Explains how a changing magnetic field induces an electric field, which is crucial in designing transformers, electric generators, and motors
● Faraday’s Law of Induction:
52
This is a material's ability to store electrical energy in an electric field.
Permittivity (ε)
53
essential in developing efficient capacitors, RF filters, and memory devices.
High-permittivity materials
54
Materials like iron, cobalt, and nickel exhibit strong magnetic properties due to aligned magnetic domains.
ferromagnetic Materials
55
unpaired electrons (electromagnetic theory)
paramagnetic
56
paired electrons (electromagnetic theory)
diamagnetic
57
weakly attracted to magnets
Paramagnetic materials (like aluminum)
58
repelled
diamagnetic materials (like copper)
59
Describes how light propagates through a material
Refractive Index (n):
60
used in optical lenses and fiber optics.
high refractive index materials
61
interaction of electromagnetic waves with metal nanoparticles, leading to unique optical properties.
Plasmonics
62
used in sensors and enhanced spectroscopy.
Plasmonic materials (silver and gold)
63
Materials like copper or aluminum can block electromagnetic radiation, preventing interference in electronic devices.
Conductive Shielding
64
absorb electromagnetic radiation, reducing the chance of interference.
Absorptive Shielding
65
the stress at the yield point or
proportional/elastic limit
Yield strength (or yield stress)
66
elastic limit is gradual and hard to locate
Proof stress
67
maximum nominal stress which the
material withstands and occurs just prior to necking
Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)
68
gradient of the curve in the elastic region
Young's modulus
69
measure of the stiffness of the material.
Young's modulus
70
strain at which the specimen fractures
Total strain to fracture
71
measured by determining the strain at the point of fracture.
Total strain to fracture
72
elongation measured when the broken pieces are put together, after elastic strain has been recovered
Plastic Strain to fracture
73
energy required to cause plastic deformation up to the fracture
Plastic work at fracture
74
field that employs computational methods and mathematical models to solve complex material-related problems across various length and time scales
Computational Materials Science
75
quantum mechanical modeling tool used to investigate the electronic structure of atoms, molecules, and solids
Density Functional Theory (DFT)
76
used to simulate the movement of atoms and molecules over time based on Newton's equations of motion
Molecular Dynamics (MD)
77
random sampling techniques to study statistical phenomena in materials
Monte Carlo (MC) Methods
78
used to model the evolution of material microstructures over time, especially during phase transformations, grain growth, and solidification
Phase-Field Method (PFM)
79
computational technique used to solve structural and mechanical problems in materials by dividing the material into smaller, finite elements
Finite Element Method (FEM)
80
technique used to bridge material problems that span multiple length scales from the atomic level to the macroscopic level.
Multiscale Modeling
81
This covers the geometry of crystalline systems, specifically focusing on how metal atoms arrange themselves in metallic solids
Unit Cells
82
the most basic type of cubic unit cell, containing only one particle
Simple primitive unit cell
83
occupies just 52%
of the available space, making it the least efficient in terms of packing density among the various types of cubic unit cells
Simple primitive unit cell
84
2 particle. occupied is only 68%, the second highest among the cubic unit cells
Body centered cubic unit cell
85
containing 4 particles. It occupies 74% of the space, which is the highest among the different types of cubic unit cells.
Face Centered Cubic
86
has a coordination number of 12, which emphasizes its efficient packing.
Face Centered Cubic
87
a compound intentionally added to a crystal to modify its properties
dopant
88
when a different substance replaces one of the components of the crystal
Substitutional Defect
89
when a substance which is not partof the crystal fits into the interstitial regions, and does not displace a component of the crystal
Interstitial Defect
90
known for their distinct properties such as high electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility, and strength
Metals
91
known for their ability to form strong bases when combined with water
Alkali metals
92
form oxides that are basic in nature.
Alkaline earth metals
93
high melting points and strong metallic bonding
Early transition metals
94
often used as catalysts due to their stable d-electron configurations
Late transition metals
95
have lower melting points and are softer, with less defined metallic characteristics compared to transition metals.
Basic/poor metals
96
limited conductivity and are often used in semiconductor applications.
Semimetals
97
nonmetallic, inorganic solid that is sufficiently strong for use in structural applications.
Ceramic
98
One of the most widely used raw materials for making ceramics
clay
99
Clay minerals are consist of mainly
Alumina (Al2O3) and silica (SiO2)
100
Impurities if clay
barium
calcium
sodium
potassium
iron
101
created by blending two or more elements to produce a new material with enhanced properties
Alloys
102
Contains 0.3% carbon
Low Carbon Steel
103
most common type of carbon steel due to its low cost and easy formability
Low Carbon Steel
104
Contains 0.3-0.6% carbon
Medium Carbon Steel
105
Known for its strength and durability but difficult to form or weld
Medium Carbon Steel
106
Contains 0.6-1.5% carbon
High Carbon Steel
107
Very strong, making it hard to cut, weld, or form
High Carbon Steel
108
- Contains at least 10.5% chromium, which forms a corrosion-resistant layer.
Stainless Steel
109
Known for their lightweight and corrosion resistance, these alloys are used where reducing weight is crucial, like in aerospace
Aluminum Alloys
110
They are less strong than steel but can be alloyed to enhance strength
Aluminum Alloys
111
high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance
Nickel alloys
112
often used in harsh environments like chemical processing and high-temperature applications
Nickel alloys
113
durable and corrosion-resistant
Bronze Alloys
114
used in marine and industrial applications
Bronze Alloys
115
These are strong, lightweight, and used in aerospace and medical implants
Titanium Alloys
116
used in steel to improve strength, is resistant to high temperatures and corrosion. It's often found in jet engines and gas pipelines
Niobium Alloys
117
resists high temperatures and corrosion, making it valuable in electronics, especially in capacitors
Tantalum Alloys
118
dense, strong, and often used where high weight and durability are needed, like in aerospace and military applications
Tungsten Alloys
119
strong at high temperatures and has excellent thermal conductivity, making it suitable for electronics and high-temperature environments
Molybdenum alloys
120
workability and corrosion resistance. used in marine and industrial settings
Brass Alloys
121
Known for its good vibration damping and machinability
Gray iron
122
Known for its hardness and wear resistance, used in applications requiring high abrasion resistance
white iron
123
good strength and ductility, making it suitable for a wide range of applications
ductile iron
124
It’s heat-treated to improve ductility and toughness, often used for castings requiring shock resistance
Malleable iron
125
forms the majority of the composite material
matrix
126
embedded with the matrix in composite materials. prevents crack growth by stabilizing defects in the matrix
fibers or granules
127
lightweight material that is resistant to chemical degradation
Polymer-matrix composites
128
consist of metals or metal alloys reinforced with fibers
Metal-matrix composites
129
contain ceramic fibers in a ceramic matrix material
Ceramic-matrix composite
130
constructed from relatively small molecular fragments known as monomers that are joined together
Polymers
131
Polymers derived from plants have been integral to human life for thousands of years
Natural Polymers
132
sugar polymers that are crucial for energy storage, signaling, and structural support in all living organisms
Polysaccharides
133
consist of two main forms: amylose and amylopectin
starch
134
predominantly unbranched polymer made up of 500 to 20,000 glucose molecules
Amylose
135
much larger polymer, with up to two million glucose units arranged in branches of 20 to 30 units.
amylopectin
136
consists of roughly 60,000 glucose units in a highly branched configuration
Glycogen
137
based on relatively simple monomeric units and exhibit varying degrees of polymerization, branching, bending, cross-linking, and crystallinity.
Common synthetic polymers
138
exceptionally hard and strong, commonly seen in compact disks.
Polycarbonate
139
It was once widely used in water bottles, but concerns about the potential leaching of unreacted monomer (bisphenol-A) have largely diminished its use in this market
Polycarbonate
140
Thin and exceptionally strong films of this material are produced by drawing the molten polymer in both directions, orienting the molecules into a highly crystalline state.
Polyethylene terephthalate
141
The polymer consists of chains with six carbon atoms in each segment, though other variations exist.
Nylon
142
Used as fibers in rugs, blankets, and clothing, particularly in cashmere-like sweaters
Polyacrylonitrile
143
A tough, lightweight, and flexible synthetic resin It is primarily used for making plastic bags, food containers, and other types of packaging.
Polyethylene
144
substitute for glass due to its superior impact resistance, lighter weight, and ease of machinability.
Polymethylmethacrylate
145
This polymer is used alone or as a copolymer, typically with ethylene. It has an exceptionally wide range of applications, including ropes, binder covers, plastic bottles, staple yarns, non-woven fabrics, and electric kettles.
Polypropylene
146
This polymer is transparent but somewhat brittle and tends to yellow under UV light. It is widely used in inexpensive packaging materials, such as take-out trays, foam "packing peanuts," CD cases, foam-walled drink cups, and other thin-walled and moldable parts.
Polystyrene
147
is too soft and low-melting to be used by itself; it is commonly employed as a water-based emulsion in paints, wood glue and other adhesives.
Polyvinyl acetate
148
It is quite rigid and commonly used in construction materials like pipes, house siding, and flooring. When plasticizers are added, it becomes soft and flexible, making it suitable for upholstery, electrical insulation, shower curtains, and waterproof fabrics.
Polyvinyl chloride
149
This highly crystalline fluorocarbon is exceptionally inert to chemicals and solvents. Its non-wettability by water and oils makes it ideal for use in cookware and other anti-stick applications, as well as in personal care products.
Polytetrafluroethylene
150
This material is renowned for its ability to be spun into fibers with five times the tensile strength of steel. This high tensile strength is largely due to extensive hydrogen bonding between adjacent chains.
Polyaramid
151
essential for visualizing material structures and defects at both microscopic and atomic scales.
Microscopy
152
uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a materialElectrons interact with atoms on the surface, producing signals that generate high-resolution images.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
153
It is used for studying surface morphology, grain boundaries, fractures, and defects
Scanning Electron Microscopy
154
transmits electrons through a thin sample to form an image or diffraction pattern. It provides atomic-scale resolution, revealing internal structures and defects within a material.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
155
uses quantum tunneling of electrons between a sharp probe and the sample surface to produce atomic-resolution images
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
156
uses a sharp tip that scans the surface of a material, measuring forces between the tip and the surface atoms to create a topographical map
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
157
involves the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with materials to study their structure, composition, and bonding.
Spectroscopy
158
based on the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal lattice of a material. The diffraction pattern provides information about the atomic arrangement and lattice spacing.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
159
measures the inelastic scattering of light (Raman effect), where photons interact with molecular vibrations, resulting in a shift in energy
Raman Spectroscopy
160
measures the absorption of infrared radiation by a material’s molecular bonds, providing insights into the chemical composition.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
161
measures the kinetic energy of electrons ejected from a material's surface when irradiated with X-rays, providing information about elemental composition and chemical states.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
162
spectroscopy measures the absorption of ultraviolet and visible light by a material, which corresponds to electronic transitions in the atoms or molecules.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
163
focus on analyzing the chemical, structural, and physical properties of material surfaces, which is important for understanding corrosion, wear, and surface reactivity.
Surface characterization techniques
164
uses the emission of Auger electrons to analyze the surface composition and chemical state of a material.
Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
165
bombards a material with a focused ion beam, sputtering secondary ions from the surface. These ions are analyzed to determine the material’s surface composition.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
166
Measures the angle formed between a liquid droplet and a solid surface, which provides insights into the surface energy and wettability.
Contact Angle Measurement
167
help in understanding how materials respond to forces, stresses, and strains. These properties are essential for the selection of materials in structural applications.
Mechanical property ccharacterization techniques
168
measures hardness, modulus, and other mechanical properties by pressing a sharp indenter into the material’s surface and measuring the load and displacement
Nanoindentation
169
measures the mechanical properties of a material as it is deformed under periodic stress, providing insights into its viscoelastic behavior.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
170
apply uniaxial forces to materials to measure their response to mechanical stress, providing data on yield strength, tensile strength, and ductility.
Tensile and Compression Testing
171
measures heat flow into or out of a material as it is heated, cooled, or held at a constant temperature. This provides insights into phase transitions, melting points, and specific heat capacity.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
172
measures changes in the weight of a material as it is heated, which provides information on thermal stability, composition, and decomposition.
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
