5 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
includes all the elements that form the crust and core of the Earth. The various landforms of the _______ are mountain, plateau and plain.
A
Geosphere/Lithosphere
2
Q
includes all the water parts of the planet. It includes water on the surface, subsurface and water vapour in the atmosphere.
A
Hydrosphere
3
Q
comprises all the living components of the Earth. It also includes organic matter that has not yet decayed.
A
Biosphere
4
Q
made of gaseous components and tiny water particles. The gases in the ________ are kept in place by the force of gravity.
A
Atmosphere
5
Q
where weather phenomena occur
A
Troposphere
6
Q
With about 75% of the atmosphere’s mass and the highest concentration of water vapor, it hosts clouds, precipitation, and storms. Temperature generally decreases with altitude
A
Troposphere
7
Q
housing the ozone layer that absorbs and scatters ultraviolet solar radiation.
A
Stratosphere
8
Q
Meteors burn up in the _________ due to friction with air molecules, making it the coldest layer of the atmosphere.
A
Mesosphere
9
Q
temperature increases with altitude, reaching high levels due to extremely low air density
A
Thermosphere
10
Q
It hosts phenomena like the Northern and Southern Lights (Auroras) resulting from charged particle interactions with Earth’s magnetic field.
A
Thermosphere
11
Q
extending beyond 600 kilometers, marks the transition between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space
A
Exosphere
12
Q
With minimal air density and primarily hydrogen and helium particles, it’s where satellites orbit the Earth
A
Exosphere
13
Q
oikos - logos
A
home - study
14
Q
ecology is coined by a German biologist in 1865
A
Haans Reiter
15
Q
Scientific study of the relationships of living organisms with each other and with their environment
A
ecology
16
Q
ecology is defined by renowned biologist as “Scientific study of the relationships of living organisms with each other and with their environment”
A
Ernst Haeckel in 1870
17
Q
any unit or biosystem that includes all the organisms which function together (biotic community) in a given area where they interact with the physical environment.
A
Ecosystem
18
Q
functional unit in ecology as it consists of both the biotic community (living organisms) and abiotic environment.
A
Ecosystem
19
Q
transfer of food energy from the source in plants through a series of organisms with the repeated process of eating and being eaten.
A
Food Chain
20
Q
- starts from green plants and passes through herbivores to carnivores.
A
Grazing Food Chain
21
Q
- major conduit (channel) for flow of energy in aquatic ecosystems
A
Grazing Food Chain
22
Q
starts from dead organisms and goes into the micro-organisms and then to detritus feeding organisms and their predator
A
Detritus Food Chain
23
Q
major conduit (channel) for flow of energy in land
A
Detritus Food Chain
24
Q
Interlocking food chain
A
Food Web
25
Food chains are all interconnected with each other since most consumers have multiple food sources and many species are prey to several predators and parasites
Food Web
26
Primary producers
autotrophs
27
Primary producers who do not produce their own food but use plants as their food.
herbivore
28
Animals who depend upon other animals for their food.
carnivore
29
All groups of animals including men who obtain their food from the other three levels.
Trophic Level IV
30
transfer and dispersal of energy is guided by the ________ which in turn follows the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
STABILITY PRINCIPLE
31
Any natural closed enclosed system with energy flowing through it tends to change until a stable adjustment is developed through self-regulating or homoeostasis mechanisms.
STABILITY PRINCIPLE
32
the movement of energy through the ecosystem.
Energy Flow
33
shows a record of the flow of energy through an ecosystem in each step from one organism to another.
Energy Budget
34
the rate at which radiant energy is converted by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic activity or producer organisms to organic substances.
Primary Productivity
35
study of the changes in the numbers and composition of individuals in a population within a study unit and the factors that affect these numbers.
POPULATION DYNAMICS
36
nothing appears to happen when bacteria is introduced
Lag Phase
37
there are essentially no limitations to cell replication and growth
Log / Exponential Growth Phase
38
at some point, the population becomes constant either as a result of cessation of fission or a balance in death and reproduction rates
Stationary Phase
39
the bacteria begin to die faster than they reproduce
Death Phase
40
the numbers of individuals an area can support.
carrying capacity
41
occurs when the normal properties of air are upset and both man and environment suffer.
Air pollution
42
Natural Sources of air pollution
Volcanic activity, vegetation decay, forest fires, etc.
43
Man-made Sources of air pollution
Gasses
mists
particulates and aerosols emitted by industries and other chemical and biological processes used by man.
44
those emitted directly from the sources
Primary Pollutants
45
those that are formed in the atmosphere by chemical reactions among primary pollutants and atmospheric constituents
Secondary Pollutants
46
a colourless, odourless, and tasteless toxic gas mitted directly from vehicles and combustion engines. Indoors, carbon monoxide is produced by boilers, fireplaces, ovens, cooker hoods and others.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
47
a toxic gas with a pungent smell, arises from the combustion and refining processes of coal, oil, and metal-containing ores
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
48
include methane, ethylene, acetylene, terpenes etc.
Hydrocarbons (HC)
49
include NO, NO2, and N2, fuel combustion in automobiles and industries, forest fires, natural ionizing radiations.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
50
consists of airborne liquid and solid particles
Particulate Matter
51
: installation of pollution control device for all motors and vehicles
P.D. 1181
52
Clean Air Act of the Philippines
R.A. 8749
53
gave N.P.C.C. the power to close industries violating P.D. 1181. Prescribe pollutants emitted by a motor vehicle as follows: CO - 3.0%; NO2 - 800 ppm; HC - 350 ppm; Smoke - not more than 20% dense
L.O.I. 551 under P.D. 984
54
generally collected by a network of pipes or channels and conveyed to a single point of discharge into the receiving water. Examples are: Domestic sewage and industrial wastes.
Point Sources
55
when the polluted water flows over the surface of the land or along natural drainage channels to the nearest water body. Examples are: Urban and agricultural runoff.
Nonpoint Sources
56
actual quantity of free O2 present in water.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
57
a measure of the amount of O2 needed to oxidize completely an organic matter whose chemical formula is known.
Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
58
a measure of the amount of O2 needed to oxidize organics using strong oxidizing agents (KMnO4 or K2Cr2O) in acid media.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
59
organics are converted into stable end products in a Pt-catalyzed combustion chamber and is determined by monitoring the O2 content present in the products.
Total Oxygen Demand (TOD)
60
organic matter is oxidized in a high-temperature furnace to convert C to CO2.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
61
a measure of the amount of O2 needed by microorganisms to decompose biodegradable organisms at a specified time (5 days), temperature (20°C) and pH (7).
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
62
Clean Water Act of the Philippines
R.A. 9275
63
Water Code of the Philippines
P.D. 1067
64
An Act to Punish the Dumping Into Any River of Refuse, Waste Matter or Substances of Any Kind Whatsoever that may Bring About the Rise or Filling in of River Beds or Cause Artificial Alluvial Formations
Commonwealth Act No. 383
65
Any discarded item called garbage, refuse, trash things destined for reuse, recycle, or reclamation; sludges; and hazardous waste
excludes radioactive wastes and in situ mining wastes
solid waste
66
animal and vegetable waste resulting from the handling, preparation, cooking, and serving of food
Putrescible Waste
67
decomposes rapidly, particularly in warm weather, and may quickly produce undesirable odors
Putrescible Waste
68
durable goods (e.g., appliances, tires, batteries), nondurable goods, containers and packaging, food wastes, yard trimmings and miscellaneous organic wastes from residential, commercial, and industrial non-process sources.
Municipal Solid Waste
69
food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, leather, tin cans, wood, glass, ashes, leaves, household hazardous wastes
Sources: homes, apartments, etc.
Residential waste
70
paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, hazardous wastes
Sources: stores, restaurants, markets, office buildings, hotels, motels, print shops, service stations, auto repair shops
Commercial waste
71
same as commercial wastes
Sources: schools, hospitals, prisons, governmental centers
Institutional Waste
72
Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
Sources: new construction sites, road repair/renovation sites, razing of buildings, broken pavement
Construction and demolition
73
Special wastes, rubbish, street sweepings, landscape and tree trimmings, catch basin debris, general wastes from parks, beaches, and recreational areas
Sources: street cleaning, landscaping, catch basin cleaning,
Municipal services
74
principally composed of residual sludges
Sources: Water, wastewater, and industrial treatment processes, etc.
Treatment plant sites
75
scrap materials, etc.
Nonindustrial wastes including food wastes, rubbish, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special wastes, hazardous wastes
Sources: Construction, fabrication, light and heavy manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, demolition, etc
Industrial wastes
76
Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, rubbish, hazardous wastes
Sources: Field and row crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms, etc.
Agricultural Wastes
77
a function of oxygen, time, temperature, and turbulence.
Combustion of Solid Wastes
78
Most common incineration method
can accept refuse that has received little pretreatment, but the removal of
oversized items is required
Conventional (Mass-fired) Incinerators
79
removal of potentially hazardous chemicals are necessary to prevent environmental damage
Conventional (Mass-fired) Incinerators
80
combustible portion of solid waste that has been separated from the non-combustible portion through processes such as shredding, screening, and air classifying
Refuse-Derived Fuel Facilities
81
involves two combustion chambers
employ additional air pollution control equipment
Modular Incinerators
82
requires front-end preprocessing of waste
sand is heated to about 800◦ C by oil or gas
sand is blown around, or “fluidized,” in the incinerator by a blower that sends air from the bottom upward
Fluidized-Bed Incinerators
83
thermal processing of a material in the absence of oxygen
uses an external heat source to drive the endothermic reactions
Pyrolysis
84
partial combustion in which a fuel is burned with less than a stoichiometric amount of oxygen
self-sustaining
Gasification
85
employs an engineered method of disposing of solid wastes which minimizes environmental hazards by spreading the solid wastes to the smallest practical volume, and applying and compacting cover material at the end of each day
Landfill
86
liquid that passes through the landfill, extracts dissolved and suspended matter from the waste material
Leachate
87
liquid from external sources (rainfall, surface drainage, groundwater) and the liquid in and produced from the decomposition of the waste
contribute to contamination of groundwater
Leachate
88
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
RA 9003
89
any waste or combination of wastes that poses a substantial danger, now or in the future, to human, plant, or animal life
must be handled or disposed of with special precautions
Hazardous Waste
90
20 different isomers of a basic chlorodioxin structure
occur only as a contaminant by-product
Dioxins
91
tcdd
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin
92
Most common form of dioxin and the poisonous of all synthetic chemicals
TCDD
93
persistent, and it bioaccumulates in aquatic organisms
TCDD
94
organic chemicals produced by the chlorination of a biphenyl molecule
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
95
used originally as a coolant–dielectric for transformers and capacitors, as heat transfer fluids, and as protective coatings for woods when low
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
96
waste minimization by consignment of excess unused materials to an independent party for resale to a third party
Waste Exchange
97
Degraded by microorganisms such as fungi
activated sludge and trickling filters
Sequencing batch reactors (SBR)
Biological Treatment
98
chemical procedure cannot magically make a toxic chemical disappear from the matrix (wastewater, sludge, etc.) in which it is found, but can only convert it to another form
Chemical Treatment
99
complexation, neutralization, oxidation, precipitation, and reduction
optimum method would be fast, quantitative, inexpensive, and leaves no residual reagent
Chemical Treatment
100
to separate hazardous waste from aqueous solution
waste is not detoxified but only concentrated for further treatment or recovery
Physical Treatment
101
chemicals are decomposed by oxidation at high temperatures (800◦ C or greater)
can be liquid injection and rotary kiln incinerators
Incineration
102
103
pumping wastes into geologically secure formations
it is necessary to pretreat the waste before injection so that it is compatible with the injection equipment and the geologic strata
Deepwell Injection
104
land farming of the waste
land treatment
105
waste was incorporated with soil material in as fertilizer or manure
Microorganisms in the soil degrade the organic fraction of the waste
Land Treatment
106
unideal way of disposing hazardous wastes due to the potential water pollution from leachate
Secure Landfill
107
An act to Control Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes providing penalties thereof
RA 6969
108
rather than using “end-of-the-pipe” treatment techniques, engineers are attempting to select materials, design manufacturing processes, and enhance energy conservation to minimize their effects on the environment
Green Engineering
109
closed loop recycling
use of recycled products to make the same or similar products
Primary Recycling
110
open loop recycling
use of recycled materials to make new products with different characteristics than the originals
Secondary Recycling
111
recovery of chemicals or energy from post consumer waste materials
Tertiary Recycling
112
controlled decomposition of organic materials, such as leaves, grass, and food scraps, by microorganisms
Composting
113
crumbly, earthy-smelling, soil-like material
finished compost can be sold, given away, or used by the company or municipality in local landscaping or agricultural projects
compost,
114
preventing the formation of waste in the first place reducing the quantity of materials generated before they are ever ready for recycling or reuse
Source Reduction
115
a set of processes and practices that enable an organization to reduce its environmental impacts and increase its operating efficiency
helps an organization address its regulatory requirements in a systematic and cost-effective manner
Environmental Management System
116
a tool used to assess the significant effects of a project or development proposal on the environment
Environmental Impact Assessment
117
provides the Statutory Framework of the Environmental Code requiring the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for all projects that will affect environmental quality.
PD 1151
118
multi-step procedure for calculating the lifetime environmental impact of a product or service
goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
119
data collection portion of LCA
detailed tracking of all the flows in and out of the product system, including raw resources or materials, energy by type, water, and emissions to air, water and land by specific substance
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
120
the “what does it mean” step of LCA
inventory is analyzed for environmental impact
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
121
another life cycle approach (i.e, cradle to grave)
looks at the direct monetary costs involved with a product or service and not environmental impact
Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
