4

Question 1

Tumor contain

Answer 1

1. Tumor cell proper (parenchyma)
2. Non neoplastic supporting structure (stroma)

Question 2

The stroma is composed of:

Answer 2

1. Extracellular connective tissue
2. Protein and glycoprotein
3. Blood supply that nutrient tumor
4. Fibroblast
5. Inflammatory and immune cell

Question 3

The extracellular matrix in stroma of epithelial tumors is produced mainly by surrounding _________________ but also many mesenchymal tumors can produce ECM in their stroma.

Answer 3

nonneoplastic mesenchymal cells

Question 4

Many osteosarcoma produce ______

Answer 4

Bone

Question 5

Advantage,
Stromal tissue may from connective tissue __________ around epithelial tumors that limit neoplastic spread.

Answer 5

capsule

Question 6

Tumor cells interact with their stroma in a complex fashion, exchanging a wide variety of signaling molecules including

Answer 6

Growth factor, hormones, cytokines, inflammatory mediators

Question 7

These exchanges modulate _______, __________ and __________ of both stromal and tumor cells.

Answer 7

Growth rate, differentiation state, behavior

Question 8

____________ released by tumor cells stimulate tumor-associated fibroblasts to increase production of collagen.

Answer 8

Platelet derived growth factor

Question 8

Increase produce collagen:
In some cases this process leads to extensive fibrous reaction termed _________ or __________.

Answer 8

Scirrhous , desmoplastic response

Question 9

of tumor origin can stimulate tumor associated fibroblasts to differentiate into myofibroblasts which are fibroblasts with contractile capabilities.

Answer 9

Transforming growth factor alpha

Question 10

Tumor associated fibroblasts may acquire special characteristics that distinguish them from normal fibroblasts.
Such:

Answer 10

fibroblasts secrete a fetal type of ECM

Question 11

Such fibroblasts sometimes acquire _________ and ________ changes that allow them to co-evolve with adjacent tumor cells.

Answer 11

heritable genetic, epigenetic

Question 12

Tumor cells may induce surrounding stromal cells to secrete ________ that promote tumor cell proliferation and motility.

Answer 12

cytokines

Question 13

Continued growth of solid tumors is dependant upon an adequate blood supply to provide _______ and ____ to tumor cells.

Answer 13

oxygen, nutrients

Question 14

Without ________ tumors are limited to a maximum diameter of 1 to 2 mm

Answer 14

angiogenesis

Question 15

At some point during tumor development, ______ occurs that allow tumor cell to induce and sustain new tumor vasculature

Answer 15

angiogenic switch

Question 16

Angiogenesis

Answer 16

1. Recruitment endothelial cell
2. Endothelial cell become proliferation
3. directed migration of endothelial cells through ECM and maturation and differentiation of capillary sprout.

Question 17

Angiogenesis is controlled by balance between a plethora of ____________ and ___________ factors.

Answer 17

angiogenesis-stimulating, angiogenesis-inhibiting

Question 18

Tumors induce angiogenesis by production of angiogenic factors (_________________) or by down-regulating production of antiangiogeneic factors (_____________).

Answer 18

vascular endothelium growth factor, thrombospondin

Question 19

Tumor blood vessels are usually more ______, more ______ and more ________ than normal.

Answer 19

dilated, tortuous, permeable

Question 20

Tumor vasculature play role in tumor development, vessel leakiness allow perivascular deposition of a fibrin network that promotes formation of _____________.

Answer 20

collagenous tumor stroma

Question 21

Endothelial cell of tumor vasculature produce growth factors (_________________) that stimulate growth of tumor cells.

Answer 21

platelet-derived growth factor and IL-1

Question 22

Many tumor cells are heavily infiltrated with _______, ______, ________, ________, ________ or combination of these cells.

Answer 22

Neutrophil, eosinophil, mast cell, lymphocyte, histiocyte

Question 23

These are attracted to tumors by _______ and _______ released by tumor cells or mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells infiltrating tumor.

Answer 23

chemokines, cytokines

Question 24

many chronic inflammatory conditions increase the risk of cancer in affected organs. - example:

Answer 24

development of postvaccinal sarcoma in cats is linked to inflammation at sites of inoculation.