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Pathophysiology > 4. Cardiovascular Physiology IV > Flashcards

4. Cardiovascular Physiology IV Flashcards

1
Q

What are pacemaker cells in the heart? (2)

A
  • SA node

- AV node

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2
Q

pacemaker cells depolarize by

A

an influx of Ca ions through Ca channels

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3
Q

pacemaker cells repolarize by (2)

A

by inactivation of the Ca channels and by increased conductance of K

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4
Q

pacemaker cells have a ____ RPM

A

less negative

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5
Q

what determines the conduction velocity of pacemaker cells ___
this then causes more …

A

a less negative RMP which causes more inactivated Na h gates

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6
Q

SA node has _____ & ____ in regards to the beating of the heart

A

Has automaticity (the ability to initiate own beat) & rhythmicity (the regular activity to beat)

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7
Q

SA node is represented by … in a heart rhythm

A

the p wave or contractions of the atrium

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8
Q

describe the AP of an SA node. RPM, upstroke, plateau, repolarization, & depolarization

A
  • Has a less negative RMP
  • Upstroke of AP is less steep
  • Plateau not sustained
  • Repolarization more gradual
  • Slow diastolic depolarization during phase 4
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9
Q

AV node is represented by …

A
  • Represents the QRS complex or ventricle contractions
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10
Q

What nervous system can increase conduction of AV node?

What can decrease conduction of AV node?

A
  • SNS stimulation

- ACh in PNS can decrease conduction

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11
Q

the AV node causes a delay in what 2 regions of the heart

A

AN and N region of the heart (where we get QRS)

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12
Q

a heart arrhythmia where there is a problem with the atrium and reentry of electrical beats

A

Supraventricular Tachycardia

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13
Q

a heart arrhythmia where there is A loss of the pacemaker activity resulting in irregular rhythm

A

Atrial Fibrillation

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14
Q

a heart arrhythmia where there is Rate greater than 100bpm

A

Sinus Tachycardia

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15
Q

a heart arrhythmia due to increase catecholamine release

A

Sinus Tachycardia

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16
Q

a heart arrhythmia due sympathetic nerve predominance

A

Sinus Tachycardia

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17
Q

an electrical impulse that travels in a circle within the heart instead of outward and then stopping

A

reentry phenomena

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18
Q

which nervous system develops a slower and longer response

A

SNS

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19
Q

in regards to BP baroreceptors do what?

A

o Respond to acute change in blood pressure

20
Q

the Atrial Sensory Receptors known as Brainbridge reflex increases what

A

blood volume cause increase HR

21
Q
  • Myocardial fiber length determines
A

cardiac contraction

22
Q

o The more blood the ventricle is filled with during diastole => greater

A

volume of blood ejected during the resulting systolic contraction (SV)

23
Q

increased stretching of the myocardium of the heart leads to an enhanced

A

affinity of troponin C for Ca => increased force of contraction

24
Q
  • Cardiac reflex is effected by
A

preload and after load

25
Q
  • Frank Starling law Maintains a precise balance over
A

over time between the output of the left & right ventricles in a non-diseased heart

26
Q

Identify hormonal effects on the heart in the SNS: (3)

A
  • Slow release of NE
  • Long degradation of NE
  • NE then involves 2nd messenger CAMP
27
Q
  • The effect of SNS on hormonal effects is due to
A

the facilitation of Ca influx into cardiac cell

28
Q
  • ACh stimulation of cholinergic receptors in the PNS leads to … and activates…
A
  • inhibited release of NE from sympathetic nerves

- Activates ACh regulated K+ channels

29
Q

the PNS stimulation causes the release of epinephrine which serves to

A

o Increases rate and force of contraction

30
Q

the PNS stimulation causes the release of Thyroid hormone which serves to enhance (2)

A

o Enhances cardiac contractility

o Enhances cardiac protein synthesis -> hypertrophy

31
Q

the PNS stimulation causes the release of insulin which serves to enhance

A

o Enhances cardiac contractility

32
Q

the PNS stimulation causes the release of glucagon which serves to enhance

A

o Increase rate and contractility

33
Q

o HR ___to blood pressure

A

inversely proportional

34
Q

in AP pacemaker cells transition to _____ is less distinct

A

phase 3

35
Q

in AP pacemaker cells the _____ is more gradual in slow response cells than fast

A

upstroke

36
Q

in AP pacemaker cells phase ____ is absent

A
  • Phase 2
37
Q

in AP pacemaker cells phase ____- is not as prolonged as fast

A
  • Phase 2
38
Q
  • Fast response cells responsible for _____
A

conduction

39
Q
  • Slow response cells responsible for pacemaker
A

pacemaker

40
Q
  • Fast response cells need fast _____
A

Na channels

41
Q
  • The speed of fast response cells is dependent on the ____
A

amplitude

42
Q

-The higher the ______ in fast response cells the more positive the inside of the cells is

A

amplitude

43
Q
  • You can match the movement of the electrical activity of the heart when you look at an ___to identify what phase the electrical activity is at
A

EKG

44
Q

___ is represented by the P wave on EKG

A

SA node

45
Q

___ is represented by the PR inverval that is at the beginning of the QRS

A

o AV node

46
Q

___ is represented by the electrical activity going into the ventricles

A

o The QRS

47
Q

___ is represented by the ventrical repolarization and relaxation

A

o The T wave

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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