Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Cardiovascular II > Flashcards

Cardiovascular II Flashcards

1
Q

______= the volume of blood ejected from the heart per unit of time

A
  • CO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the calcuation of Cardiac Output (CO) =

A

Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ = volume of blood ejected with each beat

A

•SV = Stroke Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

• Stroke Volume is affected by:

A
  • Heart size
  • Duration of contraction
  • Contractility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_____= Amount of blood going to the heart

A

• Preload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_____ = Force against which the ventricle

must contract

A

• Afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

contractility consist of _____ and ____

A

o Consist of preload & afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Affects end diastolic volume (Ventricle is

stretched due to increase volume)

A
  • Preload
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

affects left ventricle ejection into aorta

A
  • afterload
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Point at which - ventricle relaxed (AV valve closed, mitral valve about to open)

A
  • Preload
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

• Point at which – ventricle contracts (MV closed, AV opening)

A

• Afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

• A representation of the performance of the heart at a given preload and afterload

A

• Contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • preload & afterload effect _____
A

contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

contractility can be additionally affected by changing the ______ and ______

A
  • Changing the heart rate (chronotropic effect)

* Force of contraction (inotopic effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

• Changing the heart rate is a ____ effect

A

chronotropic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the force of contraction is a _____ effect

A

inotopic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

• _____ = ratio of volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat : volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole

A

Ejection Fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

contractility is measured through the ______

A

Ejection Fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

____ is AKA the amount of blood that does get out vs the amount of blood that stays behind

A

Ejection Fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump out blood

A

Systolic Heart Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in Systolic Heart Failure the strength of ventricle contraction is inadequate to create an _____- => low CO

A

adequate stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Failure of the pump function of heart is known as

A

Systolic Heart Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

____ heart failure is when the heart is not able to pump blood from LEFT ventricle

A

Systolic Heart Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the hallmark sign of Systolic Heart Failure is _____

A

a decreased ejection fraction (less than 45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in Systolic Heart Failure the o ventricle inadequately emptied => increase_____ and _____

A

ventricular end diastolic pressure and volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

in _____ heart failure you have a decreased ____

A

CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

in _____ heart failure you have a decreased ____

A

SV

28
Q

_____ heart failure is when the ventricle is unable to adequately relax

A
  • Diastolic Heart Failure
29
Q

in ____ heart failure the ventricles are very stiff

A
  • Diastolic Heart Failure
30
Q

in Diastolic Heart Failure inadequate filling of the ventricle causes an inadequate _____.

A

stroke volume

31
Q

in CHF you see a reduced ______ of the heart and a reduced _____ of the heart due to overloading of the ventricles

A
  • efficiency of the heart

- contractility

32
Q

In healthy people, increased filling of the ventricle results in increased contractility this is known as ______

A

Frank- Starling law

33
Q

In CHF, the ventricle is loaded with blood to the point where heart muscle contraction becomes _____

A

less efficient

34
Q

in CHF there is a reduced ability to cross-link ____ and ____ in over-stretched heart muscle

A
  • actin and myosin filaments
35
Q

CHF is characterized by a :

  • A decreased____
  • A decreased ____ => increased ____ volume => impaired ventricular filling
  • Increase ____and increased oxygen consumption.
  • stimulated by increased _____ activity in order to maintain cardiac output =>Increase____
  • Increased _____ requirements
  • _____ of the myocardium
  • • The increased _____with increased blood volume places strain on the heart and accelerates the damage to the myocardium.
A
  • stroke volume
  • contractility
  • end systolic volume
  • cardiac workload
  • sympathetic
  • heart rate
  • coronary perfusion
  • Hypertrophy
  • peripheral resistance
36
Q

Increasing_____=> increased force of contraction

A

Calcium

37
Q

in the increase of Ca on the heart you see _____ stimulation and the involvement of initial Ca called ____

A
  • Sympathetic nerve stimulation

- trigger Ca

38
Q

In the release of Ca the SNS releases neurotransmitter____=> increased rate of contraction & activation of _____ => increase in _____ => activation of _____ => movement of Ca into the cell

A
  • NE
  • adenocylase
  • CAMP
  • ## protein kinase
39
Q

____ vessels have a higher resistance

A

capillaries

40
Q

____ vessel are thin walled

A

capillaries

41
Q

_____ vessels allow for o exchange of diffusible substances between blood and cells

A

capillaries

42
Q

capillaries have a ______ of blood flow going through circulation

A

constant slow steady stream

43
Q

____ function to maintain homeostasis

A

blood vessels

44
Q

Blood function to carry _____ to various tissues and remove ____ and ____ from tissues, transport ____, ____, and ____ , and the distribution of ____ and ___-

A
  • oxygen and nutrients
  • CO2 and waste
  • hormones, cells, and platelets
  • fluid and heat
45
Q

The process by which RBC, WBC, & platelets come from the bone marrow

A

erythropoiesis

46
Q

______- = a hormone that controls erythropoiesis.

A

Erythropoietin

47
Q

Erythropoietin is produced by the ____ and _____

A

kidneys and liver

48
Q

______ enhances the production of stem cells in the bone marrow

A

Erythropoietin

49
Q

______ promotes the red blood cell survival by protecting them from apoptosis.

A

Erythropoietin

50
Q

_____ works with growth factors involved in the differentiation of precursor red blood cells.

A

Erythropoietin

51
Q

____ is the arrest in bleeding (the clotting of the blood)

A

hemostasis

52
Q

hemostasis occurs in 3 phases (3)

A

o Vasoconstriction
o Platelet aggregation
o Coagulation

53
Q

in the vasoconstriction phase of hemostasis you have injury at the site which leads to _____

A

contraction of vessels

54
Q

contraction of vessels in hemostasis is due to ______ of the nerves from the injury

A

direct mechanical stimulation

55
Q

in the platelet aggregation phase of hemostasis ____adhere to injured site => release _____ & ____=> more platelet aggregation

A
  • Platelets
  • ## adenosine diphosphate (ADP) & thromboxane A2
56
Q

in platelet aggregation the release of serotonin causes

A

vasoconstriction

57
Q

in platelet aggregation the release of thromboplastin causes

A
  • increase coagulation
58
Q

in platelet aggregation the ____ and ____ contract after interacting with fibrin mesh (the clot)

A
  • actin and myosin
59
Q

during platelet aggregation there is a release of

A
  • Platelets
  • adenosine diphosphate (ADP) & thromboxane A2
  • serotonin
  • thromboplastin
60
Q

during the coagulation phase of hemostasis, there is a coagulation ____-

A

coagulation cascade

61
Q

during the coagulation phase many factors synthesized in the ____-

A

liver

62
Q

in hemostasis the _____ phase is a key step in conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin

A

coagulation phases

63
Q

Identify the major clotting factors (4)

A
  • fibrin
  • prothrombin: becomes thrombin IIa
  • thrombin
  • factor X: catalyzes the cleavage of prothrombin
64
Q

At the end of contraction the influx of Ca stops => SR uptake of Ca by _____

A

ATP Ca pump

65
Q
  • To stop the contraction: _____ removes Ca from cell => blockage of ____interaction with____
A
  • NA/CA exchanger

- myosin interaction with actin

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions