4. How do we measure species diversity

Question 1

what is species diveristy

Answer 1

it is how many different types of species are in a unit

Question 2

what is alpha diversity

Answer 2

number of species in a unit being studied

Question 3

what is gamma diversity

Answer 3

number of species in the system being studied

Question 4

what is beta diversity

Answer 4

differences in species composition among units

Question 5

what is multiplicative beta diversity

Answer 5

dimensionless number that implies number oof full changes in species composition among sample

Question 6

what does multiplicative beta diversity show us

Answer 6

the proportion by which the speccies richness of a region exceeds the average richness of a single locality within the region

Question 7

how to calculate multiplicative beta diversity

Answer 7

number of different species/ across the number of sites

then use gamma diversity to divide the above thing

Question 8

what is additive beta diversity

Answer 8

shows difference in species composition among units

Question 9

how do you calculate additive beta diversity

Answer 9

number of different species/ across the number of sites

then use gamma diversity to minus the above thing

Question 10

what can beta diversity show us

Answer 10

diversity at different scales, spatial scale that is contributing to most species diversity

Question 11

additive beta diversity how does it work

Answer 11

number of species that are added due to regions, fields and sites having different species compositioons

Question 12

what do spatial scales tell us about diversity

Answer 12

recommend at which a certain group of taxa needs to be conserved

• if you see regions and fields have a higher proportion on the spatial scales, then you can implement conservation tactics on fields and regional services more

Question 13

what is the challenge of counting species

Answer 13

The number of species you count is probably sensitive to sample size and the number of individuals

Question 14

what does species richness not account for

Answer 14

relative abundance of different species

Question 15

what does more effort/ sample size mean

Answer 15

more species, but there is a threshold

Question 16

how does species accumulation work

Answer 16

discrete variable
as you sample more, it levels off

Question 17

what does rarefaction curve give us information on

Answer 17

expected realtionship between effort (number of individuals) and number of species found, so useful for comparing biodiversity

Question 18

is old growth more species rich than disturbed

Answer 18

no

Question 19

does diversity change a lot if you use interpolated rarefaction curve

Answer 19

no

Question 20

at what level of biodiversity would it be more effective to use rarefaction curves

Answer 20

at higher biodiversity

Question 21

what is the CHAO1 estimator equation

Answer 21

d + n^2 /2n

d= number of species in sample
n1= number of species observed once only
n2= number of species observed just twice

Question 22

what does CHAO1 tell us

Answer 22

estimates species richness

Question 23

more species rich

Answer 23

means theres more species divided amongst a community, the relative abundance is more balanced across

Question 24

whats the best way to compare communities, what index

Answer 24

simpsons diversity index

Question 25

is simpson diversity index consistent

Answer 25

yes, no matter how many individuals are collected

Question 26

what is the equation for simpsons's diversity index (D)

Answer 26

add up the proportion of individuals of I species and square each of them first and then 1-D

Question 27

What is 1-D in simpsoons diveristy index

Answer 27

probability that two individuals picked at random are different species turn number to %

Question 28

what does shannon index (H) tell us

Answer 28

higher H means largeer amount of uncertainty tells us how difficult it is to predict the species of randomly sampled individuals

Question 29

what is the equatioon for shannon index (H)

Answer 29

add all the p together multiply ln to pi turn it negative

Question 30

how does Shannon index increase

Answer 30

when there's more individuals, it increases, usually between 1.5-3.5

Question 31

what is evenness

Answer 31

whether the species is evenly abundant , spread across

Question 32

what is Simpson's evenness equation

Answer 32

Dmax= 1/S Evenness : 1-D/1-Dmax S is the number of species sampled

Question 33

what is shannon evenness equation

Answer 33

Hmax= lnS J= H/Hmax

Question 34

we know most about which types of species

Answer 34

vertebrates, but they are small proportion of species diversity

Question 35

most per cent of known species worldwide are what?

Answer 35

invertebrates least studies done on them though

Question 36

which areas have high and low rates of monitoring biodiversity

Answer 36

high rates - europe and north america - forests - Africa least rates: where deforestation occurs

Question 37

how can we monitor biodiversity

Answer 37

through citizen science reports sampling porgrammes`

Question 38

sampling programmes (extent, effort, grain levels)

Answer 38

big extent medium effort low grain

Question 39

citizen science extent, effort, grain levels)

Answer 39

huge extent low effort low grain

Question 40

what is extennt

Answer 40

area

Question 41

what is grain

Answer 41

spatial frequency of sampling

Question 42

local monitoring is good for ?

Answer 42

hypothesis testing, not really for impact assessment

Question 43

what is effort

Answer 43

number of abiotic and biotic things measured

Question 44

in a cube, where would monitoring programmes be at

Answer 44

in the center

Question 45

what's in coarse grained sampling

Answer 45

low density of sampling sites shows broad trend in organism abundance one round peak

Question 46

what's in fine grained sampling

Answer 46

high density of sampling sites shows that there are local differences in factors influencing an organisms abundance bumpy peaks wetlands drive this

Question 47

what is the national ecological observatory network (NEON)

Answer 47

US site that monitors variables of spatially stratification domains with environmental conditions

Question 48

what is Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring institute (ABMI)

Answer 48

extensive monitoring done every 5 years

Question 49

what has ABMI evaluation showed

Answer 49

generally positive some say ABMI should relate that to policy making, but that is not their primary goal

Question 50

concerns to ABMI approach

Answer 50

poor temporal resolution because any given year site is very sparse in space doesn't disclose exact locations to reduces data sharing to outside people grid can miss rare environment that are important to maintaining biodiversity sampling effort isn't stratified based on organisms or habitats of interest

Question 51

what is BACI

Answer 51

before after control impact to monitor effects of distinct environmental impacts of disturbances impacted sites have less of variables than controls only after the impact

Question 52

how to do extensive monitoring well

Answer 52

keep modifying research designs ask new questions don't just monitor use new technology