4>(im)politeness

Question 1

politeness=

Answer 1

being socially cooperative

Question 2

impoliteness=

Answer 2

being socially UN-cooperative (not always overt)

Question 3

‘Face’=

Answer 3

perceptions one individual holds, regarding how tohers perceive them (social identity)

Question 4

B&L> 2 types of desire surrounding face>

Answer 4

• negative face
  -positvie face

Question 5

B& L> negative face>

Answer 5

the desire to be UNIMPEDED in one’s actions (not to be told what to do, constrained etc)

Question 6

B&L> positive face>

Answer 6

the desire to be APPROVED of
(^wish for compliments, seen as valuable, treated nicely etc)

Question 7

Face-saving=

Answer 7

strategies that miminise threat to face (aka a face-threatening act)

Question 8

face-threatening act=

Answer 8

threat to face

Question 9

Politeness strategies> directed at hearer’s negative face>

Answer 9

when presuming, coercing, personalising

Question 10

Politeness strategies > directed at hearer’s positive face>

Answer 10

when claiming common ground with hearer, conveys that they are COOPERATORS, fulfilling a want of hearer or improving their social image

Question 11

B& L politeness & rationality>

Answer 11

-argue politeness rationality is universal
- to get things done without creating unnecessary conflict it is RATIONAL to respect others’ face wants
- implicatures of politeness arise when a conversational maxim is flouted because of RATIONAL responses from hearer & speaker

Question 12

B&L politeness & 3 key variables that can control contextual variation>

Answer 12

• relative power (R)
• social distance (D)
• ranking of imposition in that culture

Question 13

B&L face loss risk>highest to lowest>

Answer 13

1>if do FTA> on record> baldly
2>if do FTA>on record>with redress (positive/negative politeness)
3> if do FTA> off record
4>if dont do FTA

Question 14

off-record=

Answer 14

finding a way of getting something non-linguistically (e.g. “i really need a laptop”)

Question 15

on-record=

Answer 15

performing FTA verbally
(‘baldly’ as highest this can go)

Question 16

Bald-on-record>

Answer 16

• impolite
• no attempt to save others face

Question 17

B&L criticisms>

Answer 17

• cross-cultural variation means framework is inaccurate when applied to all
  >greek care more about positive face
  >japan have other more important notions
  >china as ‘group-harmony’ centrered

Question 18

Leech (1983) politeness principle>

Answer 18

-minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs
- maximise (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs

Question 19

leech politeness principle difference to B&L>

Answer 19

• PP is not confined to ‘inhibiting’ face threats
• instead it is centred on the minimisation of impolite beliefs & the maximisation of polite beliefs

Question 20

Leech-politeness maxims (6)

Answer 20

1> Tact maxim
2> Generosity maxim
3> Approbation maxim
4> Modesty maxim
5> Agreement maxim
6> Sympathy maxim

Question 21

Leech-Politeness maxims> TACT

Answer 21

• minimise COST to other
• maximise BENEFIT to other
  (found in impositives & comissives)

Question 22

Leech-Politeness maxims> GENEROSITY

Answer 22

• minimise BENEFIT to self
• maximise COST to self
  (found in impositives & comissives)

Question 23

Leech-Politeness maxims> APROBATION>

Answer 23

• minimise DISPRAISE of other
• maximise PRAISE of other
  -(found in expressives & assertives)

Question 24

Leech-Politeness maxims> MODESTY

Answer 24

• minimise PRAISE of self
• maximise DISPRAISE of self
  (found in expressives & assertives)

Question 25

Leech-Politeness maxims> AGREEMENT

Answer 25

- minimise DISAGREEMENT between self & other - maximise AGREEMENT between self & other (found in assertives)

Question 26

Leech-Politeness maxims> SYMPATHY

Answer 26

-minimise ANTIPATHY between self & other - maximise SYMPATHY between self & other

Question 27

waves of impoliteness: 1st>

Answer 27

-1st: based on B&L & leech

Question 28

waves of (im)politeness> 2nd

Answer 28

criticised 1st & suggested 3 area to improve: i>broader discourse theories; ii>longer sequences of utterance in context; iii> layperson's conception of impoliteness

Question 29

waves of (im)politeness> 3rd>

Answer 29

- Noted 2nd couldnt properly produce (im)politeness theories as not a real framework - Focuses on: i> how (im)politeness is co-constructed in interaction & ii>how context types & conventionalised behaviour constrain perceptions of (im)politeness & moral order

Question 30

Pragmalinguistic politeness=

Answer 30

involves the meaning of the utterance OUT of context

Question 31

pragmalinguistic politeness & positive politeness>

Answer 31

-positive politeness as STRENGTHENED (e.g. "thank you VERY much")

Question 32

pragmalinguistic politeness & negative politeness>

Answer 32

- negative politeness can include HEDGING (e.g. "i'll take just a little bit">more effort, more politeness)

Question 33

sociopragmatic politeness=

Answer 33

involves politeness IN context (language + content)

Question 34

Sociopragmatic politeness> e.g.s>

Answer 34

- A has lent B something of LITTLE value "thanks" would be considered an adequate, whereas "thank you so much" would be overpolite -A has lent B something of GREAT value> "thanks" as almost impolite; "thank you so much" as adequate