4 - industrial pollutants

Question 1

heavy metals

Answer 1

a dense metal that is toxic at low concentrations - highly toxic making them a public health concern

Question 2

six heavy metals

Answer 2

lead - old paints, contaminated water from old pipes

mercury - thermometre liquid, light bulbs

arsenic - pesticides, herbicides

aluminium

cadmium

manganese

Question 3

clinical effects of heavy metals

Answer 3

dizziness, nausea, pulmonary diseases, GI diseases, impaired voluntary muscle function, anemia, bone deterioration

Question 4

most significant heavy metals

Answer 4

arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead

Question 5

arsenic

Answer 5

heavy metal carcinogen that affects the sulphydryl groups of cells disrupting cell respiration, enzymes and mitosis

Question 6

heavy metals cause cellular damage via

Answer 6

free radicals (reactive oxygen species)

Question 7

which population was of big concern for lead poisoning and why

Answer 7

children - they encounter lead through paint chips, water from old pipes, dust, soil, and toys

Question 8

environmental chemistry

Answer 8

changes in chemical composition beyond a certain limit within the environment, posing health risks to humans

Question 9

a molecule is the

Answer 9

simplest unit that has the fundamental chemical properties of a covalent compound (ex - H2)

Question 10

ionic bond

Answer 10

positively and negatively charged ions held together by electrostatic forces

Question 11

covalent bonds

Answer 11

sharing of electrons between bonded atoms

Question 12

four chemical reactions

Answer 12

oxidation
reduction
hydrolysis
photolysis

Question 13

oxidation

Answer 13

loss of an electron, occurs during combustion

Question 14

relevance of oxidation for environmental public health

Answer 14

used for the treatment of waste water - wastewater aeration - augments the supply of oxygen

Question 15

reduction

Answer 15

gain of electrons, often involves a reaction with hydrogen

Question 16

how do redox reactions contribute to pollution control

Answer 16

transform pollutants into less harmful substances via catalytic converters

Question 17

hydrolysis

Answer 17

split compounds into other compounds using a reaction with water

Question 18

how is hydrolysis useful for environmental public health

Answer 18

polyethylene tetrapthalate (PET) used in the recycling of plastic

Question 19

photolysis

Answer 19

decomposition or separation of molecules via lightu

Question 20

use of photolysis in PH

Answer 20

photocatalysis has the potential to degrade pollutants in the aquatic environment and in waste water

Question 21

four structural classes of hydrocarbons

Answer 21

aliphatic - straight or branched changes

heterocyclic - ring structure where one member is an element other than carbon

halogenated - hydrocarbons which contain a halogen atom (chlorine, fluorine, bromine) - often used as refrigerants, herbicides, or insecticides

aromatic - benzene ring

Question 22

aliphatic hydrocarbons

Answer 22

largely from petroleum

additionally, weak anesthetic properties

May also methylate DNA

Question 23

benzene

Answer 23

completely insoluble in water

Properties of aromatics depend on the substituents added

benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are toxic air pollutants associated with emissions from motor vehicles.

Question 24

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Answer 24

result from the incomplete combustion of organic materials

toxic - interfere with enzyme systems and cellular membranes

Question 25

large scale chemical production can produce the following as a byproduct

Answer 25

persistent organic pollutants: benzene trichloroethylene PAHs etc

Question 26

chlorination

Answer 26

an internationally used method to reduce pathogens in drinking water

Question 27

chlorination byproduct health concern

Answer 27

trihalomethanes have been shown to cause colon cancer and bladder in lab animals, but no causal relationship has been proved yet. The results are highly sex-dependent with men being more likely to be affected, and smoking appearing to play a confounding role

Question 28

t/f everyone is exposed to low levels of heavy metals from naturally occuring deposits in the earths crust

Answer 28

true

Question 29

what are some exposure sources for heavy metals

Answer 29

occupational exposure through smelters, coal fired power plantsl leaching from hazardous waste sites

Question 30

T/F some heavy metals are vital for humans and abundant in nature

Answer 30

true - ex - copper, nickel, and zinc

Question 31

t/f there is no safe exposure limit to mercury or lead

Answer 31

true

Question 32

t/f chromium is essential for health in the 3+ state

Answer 32

true, hexavalent is the dangerous format

Question 33

two types of effects from lead poisoning

Answer 33

cellular and neurological

Question 34

mechanism of action of heavy metals

Answer 34

they induce exposure to free radicals causing oxidative sterss leading to carcinogenicity, cell membrane damage, and enzyme interference

Question 35

why are heavy metals a public health concern

Answer 35

human exposure has risen dramatically due to an increase in industrial, agricultural, domestic, and technological applications

Question 36

natural phenomena which contribute towards heavy metal emissions

Answer 36

volcanic erruptions

Question 37

cadmium

Answer 37

accumulates in sedimentary rocks and marine phosphates. used in the production of alloys, pigments, and batteries

Question 38

cadmium toxicity

Answer 38

interacts with calcium and lead to cause osteoporosis and cadmium deposits in bones called hypercalciuria cadmium disturbs zinc metabolism which inhibits zinc-containing enzymes used in GI absorption decreases the concentration of copper in the liver and plasma interacts with iron, decreasing hemoglobin and hematocrit leading to anemia

Question 39

biggest heavy metal released from industry

Answer 39

chromium released from industries such as metal processing, tannery facilities, chromate production, etc human carcinogen

Question 40

mercury is found in nature in three forms. Which is the toxic one

Answer 40

methyl mercury - its organic form

Question 41

major source of mercury in the environment

Answer 41

burning of fossil fuels - increasedin the atmosphere and oceans threefold since the pre-industrial times. fat-soluble methylmercury bioaccumatles in the food chain before being ingested by humans who eat oily fish

Question 42

minamata disease

Answer 42

results from mercury poisoning causes atazia, speech problems, paralysis, insanity, coma, death

Question 43

manganese

Answer 43

beneficial (neuroprotective) in low doses, but in high doses may have harmful neurological complications such as alzheimers and parkinsons as well as mitochondrial dysfunction

Question 44

three most effective methods to reduce industrial pollutants

Answer 44

legislature health advice voluntary agreements - good in principle, less effective in practice

Question 45

what is the source pathway sink method

Answer 45

dsource - stop producing harmful byproducts/toxicants pathway - intervene in the pathway by adding a buffer strip around a crop to reduce the run off of pesticides sink - advise pregnant women not to eat seafood containing mercury