5 - chemical exposure + pesticides

Question 1

what is the significance of the book “silent spring”

Answer 1

this book, written by rachel carson, fostered the modern environmental movement and helped spark the calls for tighter control of pesticides

Carson was inspired by word from her friend about how large amounts of birds had been dying in Cape Cod as a result of the DDT sprayings

Question 2

three pests which pesticides seek to kill

Answer 2

insecticides - insects
herbicides - weeds
fungicides - fungi

Question 3

synthetic pesticides

Answer 3

man-made, do not exist in nature

Question 4

four types of chemical pesticides

Answer 4

carbamate

organophosphates - block ACh enzyme - affect CNS

organochlorine - accumulate in adipose tissue

pyrethroid - CNS

Question 5

T/F most synthetic insecticides are organic

Answer 5

true

Question 6

routes of entry for pesticides

Answer 6

ingested gastric toxins
contact exposure
expectorant
evaporators

Question 7

what are systemic effects

Answer 7

effects occurring in tissues distant from site of contact

Question 8

three classifications of pesticides

Answer 8

class 1 - chemical structure of the pesticide
class 2 - mode of entry
class 3 - action of pesticide and organism it kills

Question 9

what are the two ways that pesticides enter water

Answer 9

1) flowing (run-down)
2) filtering (leaching)

Question 10

T/F pesticides only affect surface water

Answer 10

false - they can affect both ground and surface water

Question 10

LD50 - pesticides

Answer 10

concentration of pesticide which will kill half of the tested organisms in an experiment

Question 11

Risk = …. (pesticide)

Answer 11

Risk = exposure (amount and/or duration) X toxicity

Question 12

persistence is determined as …..

Answer 12

half life - half the time necessary for the concentration to be reduced by 50%

Question 13

T/F the degraded product of a pesticide will always be less toxic

Answer 13

false - degraded pesticides can have byproducts which with less, equivalent, or greater toxicity

Question 14

direct occupational exposure

Answer 14

the farmers who spray their crops

Question 15

direct non-occupational exposure

Answer 15

those who live near the agricultural fields sprayed

Question 16

indirect exposure

Answer 16

those who live far away from agricultural fields exposed to pesticides, but consume the products of these fields or contaminated water

Question 17

four direct exposure routes

Answer 17

skin
eyes
mouth
respiratory tract

Question 18

phytoremediation

Answer 18

solar-powered method of removal/reduction of harmful chemicals using plant species

plants absorb the pesticides and converts it to a LESS hazardous toxic compound

Question 19

microalgae are known as effective biosorbents of

Answer 19

heavy metals and pesticides

they absorb these compounds and produce oxygen

Question 20

what is myco-remediation

Answer 20

fungi used as pesticide waste management technique for carbon sourced pollutants to convert them to a less toxic compound

Question 21

bacterial pesticide degradation

Answer 21

pseudomonas, azotobacter, flavobacterium, and arthrobacter are the major bacterial genus which remove pesticides from polluted environments

Question 22

key aspects of risk outbreak and communication

Answer 22

1) consideration of political, social, and economic factors

2) analyzes risk and risk perception to communicate effectively

3) dialogue with vulnerable peoples and stakeholders

4) ** identify and address rumours, misinformation, and other communication challenges

Question 23

two facets of risk communication

Answer 23

alerting and reassuring people

risk = hazard (how much harm is it likely to do) + outrage (how upset is it likely to make people)

Question 24

relation between Hazard and Outrage and the kinds of risk communication

Answer 24

public relations - high hazard, low outrage stakeholder relations - moderate hazard, moderate outrage outrage management - low hazard, high outrage crisis communication - high hazard, high outrage

Question 25

aspects of effective risk communication

Answer 25

* Timely * Accurate * Clear * Objective * Consistent * Complete risk information

Question 26

one of the most important tools to a risk communicator is the

Answer 26

message map

Question 27

negative dominance theory

Answer 27

people under stress place much more emphasis on negative information than positive information 3-4 positive messages needed to offset one negative one

Question 28

three challenges in risk communication

Answer 28

1) overcome mental noise barriers 2) produce accurate messages for diverse audiences 3) maximize communication efficiency within the constraints posed by mental noise

Question 29

what is mental noise

Answer 29

the tendency of people to be unable to think or listen clearly when they are emotional can reduce an individuals capacity to process information by up to 80%

Question 30

risk communication must be able to handle

Answer 30

rumours, misinformation

Question 31

the most fundamental truth about risk communication is that there is...

Answer 31

very little correlation between how dangerous something is and how upsetting it is

Question 32

severity of a pesticide

Answer 32

concentration of the chemical and duration of exposure

Question 33

four eco-friendly methods of pesticide remediation

Answer 33

phytoremediation micro-algae remediation myco-remediation bacterial pesticide degradation

Question 34

risk communication should be ____, ____, and ______

Answer 34

understandable meaningful actionable

Question 35

ultimate goal of risk communication

Answer 35

that every person who is exposed to a certain risk is able to make an informed decision to mitigate the effects of a threat

Question 36

if a fire risk is 80%, and the hazard is 20%, what is the outrage

Answer 36

60% Risk = Hazard + Outrage