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Body Systems > 4 Lining, Muscle and connective tissue > Flashcards

4 Lining, Muscle and connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four types of tissue.

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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2
Q

What is histology?

A

the anatomy at cellular level

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3
Q

Name four features of epithelial tissue:

A
  • found in every organ
  • line every organ of the body
  • lines cavities and tubes
  • can from gland
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4
Q

Characteristics of epithelial cells:

A
  • good at regeneration
  • polarity (apical and basal membranes)
  • avascular
  • attached to a basement membrane
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5
Q

Basic structure of epithelial tissue:

A

closely packed and all attached to a basement membrane like a lego board

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6
Q

How do we classify epithelial tissue?

A

number of layers

shape of cells

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7
Q

What do we call epithelial tissue with several layers of cells vs 1 layer?

A

several layers = stratified

1 layer = simple

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8
Q

What are the shapes of epithelial cells?

A
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
  • squamous
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9
Q

Describe the structure of a squamous epithelial cell.

A

long thin and flat (squashed) with nucleus stretched in same direction as cell

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10
Q

Describe the structure of a columnar epithelial cell

A

-rectangular shape - basally located nucleus

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11
Q

Describe the feature of a cuboidal epithelial cell

A

elongated nucleus in the middle and square

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12
Q

How do we name the tissue (shapely) if its stratified epithelial?

A

By the most superficial layer

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13
Q

Name 3 types of squamous epithelial tissue and where they are found

A
  • Simple
  • Keratinised stratified
  • Non keratinised stratified
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14
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelial tissues found?

A

alveoli and blood vessels - for gas an nutrient exchange

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15
Q

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelial tissues are found in…

A

…gums and skin because the keratin provides some protection and waterproofing

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16
Q

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelial tissue is found…

A

…oral cavity (cheek) and oesophagus - mainly for protection and a barrier

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17
Q

Where would you find simple cuboidal epithelium and what is it for?

A

Found in the kidney tubes and gland and is used for secretion and absorbtion

18
Q

Where would you find simple columnar epithelium and what is it for?

A

Digestive tract coz they contain microvilli and are used for absorption and secretion

19
Q

Where would you find simple pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells and what is it for?

A

trachea - acts as a mucociliary escalator

-appear stratified as some cells don’t reach the free surface though all are attached to basement membrane

20
Q

Which type of tissue lines the oesophagus (specific)?

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelial tissue with goblet cells

21
Q

What is an intercellular junction?

A

Specialised areas of a cell membrane that bind a cell together

22
Q

4 examples of intercellular junctions

A
  • tight
  • demosome
  • hemidemosome
  • gap junctions
23
Q

explain a tight junction

where?

A

found near the apical membrane, bind cells together tightly though interlocking proteins which don’t allow anything imbetween the cells
digestive tract

24
Q

explain a demosome

A

loos like a wire cage holding cells together - found near the basement membrane and tightly holds cell together stopping them from splaying (lego board analogy) - resists twisting and streching
contain dense plates

25
Q

explain a hemidemosome

A

found on the basement membrane - securely attaches the cell onto the underlying tissue

26
Q

explain a gap junction

where?

A

interlocking membrane proteins (connexions) hold two cells together but have a central pore that small molecules can pass through
cardiac muscle

27
Q

Connective tissue is made up of

A

few cells in an abundance of extracellular matrix

28
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

A

-ground substances
-extracellular (tissue) fluid
-fibres
collagen, reticular and elastic

29
Q

What types of connective tissue are there?

A 
Specialised:
-Blood , lymph, bone, collagen
Proper:
-Loose (alveolar) 
-Dense regular 
-Dense irregular
30
Q

What is in loose alveolar CT and where is it found?

A

-ground substances +++
-a few fibres
-adipocytes
-macrophages (transient)
-fibroblasts
found under epithelium lining and covering organs

31
Q

What is in dense connective tissue?

A

-few ground substances
lots of fibres (mainly collagen)
fibroblasts

32
Q

What are the differences between the two dens CT’s?

A

-regular - the collagen bundles are parallel -tendons and ligaments
Irregular - haphazardly arranged collagen bundles - resists excessive stretching and distension - dermis

33
Q

What cells are present in connective tissue?

A
  • mast cells
  • adipocytes
  • macrophages
  • FIBROBLASTS
34
Q

What are the different types of muscle?

A
  • smooth
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
35
Q

Skeletal muscle functions:

A
  • skeletal movement and support
  • forming sphyncters
  • involved in respiration
36
Q

Skeletal muscle structure:

A
  • long thin cylindrical cells
  • striated
  • multinucleated
  • somatic nervous system
37
Q

Cardiac muscle structure:

A
  • long branched muscle cells
  • intercalated discs
  • 1/2 centrally located nuclei
  • striated
  • autonomic
38
Q

Smooth muscle function:

A
  • found in organ walls and airways and vessels
  • constriction of airways and vessels
  • digestion
39
Q

Smooth muscle structure:

A
  • short fusiform cells
  • single central nucleus
  • non striated
  • autonomic
40
Q

Functions of connective tissue:

A
  • protection of organs
  • protection of body from microbes
  • provides a structural framework for the body
  • transport of dissolved substance
  • connects different tissue types
  • stores energy reserves
41
Q

All muscle cells have: (3)

A
  • -cell elongation parallel to direction of contraction
  • -contractile elements
  • -many mitochondria

Body Systems (21 decks)

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