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Body Systems > 8 Heamatology > Flashcards

8 Heamatology Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematopeoisis

A

The production of all elements in the blood including RBCs WBCs and platelets

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2
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A
  • 55% plasma
  • 45% formed elements
  • less than 1 % WBCs and platelets
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3
Q

What is the constitution of plasma?

A
  • 92% water
  • 7% plasma proteins
  • 1% other dissolved substances
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4
Q

What are the plasma proteins?

A

Albumin
globulin
regulatory proteins
fibrinogen

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5
Q

Function of plasma:

A

Transport:

  • heat
  • gases
  • nutrients
  • waste
  • formed elements
  • inorganic and organic elements
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6
Q

Haematopeisis: lymphocytes

A

Starts with a haemocytoblast (multipotent stem cell) –> common lymphoid proginetor –> small lymphocyte –> T cell/ Bcell
B call –> plasma cell

common proginetor –> natural killer cell (large granular lymphocyte)

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7
Q

Haematopeisis: platelets

A

haemocytoblast (multi potent cell) –> common myeloid proginetor –> megakaryocte –> thrombocyte

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8
Q

Haematopeisis: erythrocyte

A

Haemocytoblast –> common myeloid proginetor –> mast cell/erythrocyte

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9
Q

Haematopoeisis: macrophage

A

Heamocytoblast –> common myeloid proginetor –> myeloblast –> neutrophil/ basophil/ eosinophil/ monocyte
monocyte –> macrophage

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10
Q

Erythropoeisis:

A

Haemoblastocyte –> proerythroblast (committed cell) –> early/late erythroblast –> nomoblast –> reticulocyte –> erythrocyte

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11
Q

Name the phases of erthyropoeisis:

A

1 ribosomal synthesis - early erthyroblast
2 haemoglobin accumulation - late erythroblast
3 nuclear expulsion - nomoblast

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12
Q

Where are RBCs made in adults?

A

bone marrow –> red bone marrow (skull, ribs, spine) except in emergencies

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13
Q

Where are RBCs made in foetuses?

A

Yolk sac –> liver, spleen –> bone marrow

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14
Q

Which phases are most of the haemoglobin made?

A

65% in the erythroblast phase

35% reticulocyte phase (useful in anaemia)

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15
Q

what is a ___blast

A

a cell which is not yet fully mature

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16
Q

How many RBCs do we produce per second?

A

2-3 million

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17
Q

Structure of RBCs

A
  • biconcave disc shape
  • very flexible and
  • 7-8 micrometers diameter
  • 2-3 micrometers width
  • no organelles or nucleus so can hold more haemoglobin
  • 120 lifespan coz can’t repair themselves
  • get less flexy and more fragile as life goes on
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18
Q

Where are RBCs broken down

A

Liver

19
Q

What breaks RBCs down?

A

Macrophages

20
Q

Explain the process of breaking down RBCs

A
  • macrophage engulfs and separates the contents into
  • haem
  • globin
21
Q

What happens to haem when RBCs are broken down

A
  • separated into bilirubin which is combined with albumin and taken to the liver where it mixes with bile and can be excreted
  • and iron which is transported back to bone marrow in blood combined with transferrin or kept in the liver as ferritin
22
Q

What happens to globin when RBCs are broken down?

A

It is broken down into amino acids which are used to make more globin or other proteins

23
Q

What happens when we have an excess of bilirubin?

A

We get jaundis and go yellow.

24
Q

How is the level of RBCs controlled

A

Homeostasis measuring the amount of O2 in the blood

25
Q

What is a lack of O2 in the blood called

A

Hypoxemia

26
Q

What is too much O2 in the blood from?

A

Hypoxia

27
Q

What happens during hypoxemia

A

The kidneys are stimulated to produce more erythropoeitin

28
Q

Where is erythropoeitin produced?

A

The kidneys

29
Q

What causes hypoxemia (4)?

A

smoking (CO competes)
blood loss
high altitude
increase in exercise

30
Q

What are the normal levels of haemoglobin in the blood?

A

W: 12-16 g/dl
M: 13-17 g/dl

Av. 15 g/dl

31
Q

How many haemoglobin molecules are there per RBC?

A

280 million

32
Q

How many molecules of O2 can each haem group hold?

A

4

33
Q

Structure of haemoglobin:

A

4 sub units
-2 alpha
-2 beta
each unit consists of a haem molecule bound to a a long polypeptide chain (globin)
-Fe2+ ion in the middle
-ion can bind with one molecule of oxygen

34
Q

Which gases does haemoglobin carry?

A

O2
CO2
CO
H+

35
Q

Anaemia is classified by:

A

the below accepted normal levels of haemoglobin in the blood (12-13.5 g/dl)

36
Q

How prevalent is anaemia?

A

1/3 of the worlds population suffer from it

37
Q

Causes of anaemia:

A

increased RBC destruction
Reduced RBC production
Blood loss

38
Q

What happens in iron deficient anaemia:

A
  • microcytic eryhtrocytes form
  • less mean cell volume
  • less haemoglobin means paler cells
39
Q

What are the causes of iron deficient anaemia?

A

anything that puts strain on the body

  • malnutrition
  • malabsorption
  • heavy periods
  • preganacy
40
Q

What happens in vitamin B12 deficient anaemia?

A
  • Not enough vitamin B12 produces not fully functional RBCs
  • if lack of intrinsic factor production its called pernicious anaemia
  • IF allows us to absorb vit B12 form our diet
  • only treatment is to give an intramuscular injection of vit B12 that bypasses the stomach
  • Macrocytic RBCs form but they’re not full functional
41
Q

Folate deficiency and anaemia:

A

-very similar to B12 deficiency
-also causes macrocytic RBCs
causes:
-elderly
-dietary deficiency
-pregnancy

42
Q

Sickle cell anaemia:

where is it prevalent and what happens?

A
  • prevalent in africa and west india
  • point mutation causes haemoglobin to be transcribed as haemoglobin s
  • causes sickle shaped cells
  • get stuck in vessels
  • no cure
  • hereditary
43
Q

Thalassaemia:

where is it prevalent and what happens?

A

Problem with globin chain production causes less RBCs to be made and reduces the blood cells carrying capacity
prevalent in Mediterranean and middle/eastern asia

Body Systems (21 decks)

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