4. MSK intro + skull and spine

Question 1

muscle compartments

Answer 1

• muscles in the limbs are arranged into compartments separated by fascia
• compartments share function, nerve supply, and blood supply

Question 2

skull functions

Answer 2

• protect brain and brainstem
• protect sensory organs
• attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

Question 3

how many skull bones

Answer 3

22

Question 4

craniosyntosis

Answer 4

premature fusion of cranial sutures
- suture dysfunction
- saggital craniosyntosis results in narrow skull
- bicoronal craniosyntosis results in abnormal vertical height of the skull and forehead retrusion

Question 5

Pterion

Answer 5

• the meeting point of the frontal, temporal and sphenoid bones
• overlies meninges artery
• damage in this region can cause an extradural haematoma

Question 6

vertebral column functions

Answer 6

• balances skull
• supports thoracic cage
• attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
• protects spinal cord

Question 7

spine regions

Answer 7

a flexible rod
- cervical 7
- thoracic 12
- lumbar 5
- saccral 5 fused
- coccygeal 3-4 fused

Question 8

spine curvatures

Answer 8

• alternate to form S shape
• initially begin as a primary C shaped curvature
• provide flexibility and shock absorption

Question 9

cervical vertebrae function

Answer 9

support skull

Question 10

thoracic vertebrae function

Answer 10

rib attachments

Question 11

lumbar vertebrae function

Answer 11

weight bearing

Question 12

specialised vertebrae

Answer 12

• C1- atlas
• C2 - axis

Question 13

Atlas vertebrae

Answer 13

C1
- no body
- transmits force from skull to cervical spine

Question 14

Axis vertebrae

Answer 14

• dens
• no disc

Question 15

lumbar puncture

Answer 15

• usually between L3-L4 (below where the spinal cord terminates)
• removal of cerebrospinal fluid
• helps with diagnosis of serious infections and disorders of the CNS

Question 16

scoliosis

Answer 16

unusual curvature of the spine
- common in young people and european people
- idiopathic
- can be realigned by very major surgery

Question 17

vertebral compression fracture symptoms (osteoporosis)

Answer 17

• sudden onset low back pain
• limited spinal mobility
• kyphotic deformity
• height loss

Question 18

vertebral compression fracture diagnosis (osteoporosis)

Answer 18

x-ray
- initial management not surgical

Question 19

vertebral compression fractures prevalence (osteoporosis)

Answer 19

• increases with age
• 25% of post menopausal woman
• 40% of woman over 80

Question 20

whiplash injury

Answer 20

• hyperextension of the neck (often from rear-end collisions)
• anterior longitudinal ligament is stretched or torn
• anterior intervertebral disc and vertebrae also affected

Question 21

erector spinae