4. MSK intro + skull and spine

Question 1

muscle compartments

Answer 1

• muscles in the limbs are arranged into compartments separated by fascia
• compartments share function, nerve supply, and blood supply

Question 2

skull functions

Answer 2

• protect brain and brainstem
• protect sensory organs
• attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

Question 3

how many skull bones

Answer 3

22

Question 4

craniosyntosis

Answer 4

premature fusion of cranial sutures
- suture dysfunction
- saggital craniosyntosis results in narrow skull
- bicoronal craniosyntosis results in abnormal vertical height of the skull and forehead retrusion

Question 5

Pterion

Answer 5

• the meeting point of the frontal, temporal and sphenoid bones
• overlies meninges artery
• damage in this region can cause an extradural haematoma

Question 6

vertebral column functions

Answer 6

• balances skull
• supports thoracic cage
• attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
• protects spinal cord

Question 7

spine regions

Answer 7

a flexible rod
- cervical 7
- thoracic 12
- lumbar 5
- saccral 5 fused
- coccygeal 3-4 fused

Question 8

spine curvatures

Answer 8

• alternate to form S shape
• initially begin as a primary C shaped curvature
• provide flexibility and shock absorption

Question 10

cervical vertebrae function

Answer 10

support skull

Question 11

thoracic vertebrae function

Answer 11

rib attachments

Question 12

lumbar vertebrae function

Answer 12

weight bearing

Question 13

specialised vertebrae

Answer 13

• C1- atlas
• C2 - axis

Question 14

Atlas vertebrae

Answer 14

C1
- no body
- transmits force from skull to cervical spine

Question 15

Axis vertebrae

Answer 15

• dens
• no disc

Question 16

lumbar puncture

Answer 16

• usually between L3-L4 (below where the spinal cord terminates)
• removal of cerebrospinal fluid
• helps with diagnosis of serious infections and disorders of the CNS

Question 17

scoliosis

Answer 17

unusual curvature of the spine
- common in young people and european people
- idiopathic
- can be realigned by very major surgery

Question 18

vertebral compression fracture symptoms (osteoporosis)

Answer 18

• sudden onset low back pain
• limited spinal mobility
• kyphotic deformity
• height loss

Question 19

vertebral compression fracture diagnosis (osteoporosis)

Answer 19

x-ray
- initial management not surgical

Question 20

vertebral compression fractures prevalence (osteoporosis)

Answer 20

• increases with age
• 25% of post menopausal woman
• 40% of woman over 80

Question 21

whiplash injury

Answer 21

• hyperextension of the neck (often from rear-end collisions)
• anterior longitudinal ligament is stretched or torn
• anterior intervertebral disc and vertebrae also affected