(4) nervous system [main/basic]

Question 1

functional basic unit of the nervous system

Answer 1

neurons

Question 2

parts of the neuron structure

Answer 2

dendrites
cell body
nucleus
axon
myelin sheath + schwann cell + nodes of ranvier
axon terminal

Question 3

what do neurons make

Answer 3

neurotransmitters

Question 4

(def) neurotransmitter

Answer 4

chemical messenger

Question 5

what travels in the neuron

Answer 5

action potential

Question 6

(def) action potential

Answer 6

electrical signal

Question 7

4 nervous system tissues

Answer 7

neurons
nerve
ganglia
neuroglia

Question 8

(def) neuroglia

Answer 8

neural glue

helper cell

Question 9

(func) neuroglia

Answer 9

support & protect the neurons

maintain homeostasis in the fluid surrounding the neurons

Question 10

gray matter

Answer 10

non-myelinated matter
beginnings and ends of neurons
edges of the brain

Question 11

white matter

Answer 11

myelinated matter
axons of neurons
connects gray matter to each other

Question 12

resting potential

Answer 12

neuron at rest - not firing/no signal transmission

Question 13

stimulus

Answer 13

causes a change in ion charge across the neuron membrane

Question 14

action potential

Answer 14

minimum threshold of charge across the membrane reached - all or nothing firing

Question 15

refractory period

Answer 15

period of time before the membrane returns to resting potential

Question 16

5 neurotransmitters

Answer 16

epinephrine
dopamine
endorphins
serotonin
acetylcholine

Question 17

2 types of neurotransmitter mimics

Answer 17

agonists (excitatory)

antagonists (inhibitory)

Question 18

agonists (excitatory)

Answer 18

stimulants
increase neurotransmitter effects
ex. nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines

Question 19

antagonists (inhibitory)

Answer 19

depressants
slow neurotransmitter effects
ex. botox, alcohol, heroin, oxycodone

Question 20

2 main divisions of the nervous system

Answer 20

central (CNS)

peripheral (PNS)

Question 21

parts of the CNS

Answer 21

brain, spinal cord

Question 22

parts of the PNS

Answer 22

nerves

Question 23

main functions of the brain

Answer 23

homeostatic center
data integration
analyze info
intellect/reasoning
emotions

Question 24

main function of the spinal cord

Answer 24

relay info and responses between the brain and PNS

Question 25

the CNS is eclosed in

Answer 25

bone meninges cerebral spinal fluid other: blood-brain barrier, ventricles

Question 26

(def) ventricle

Answer 26

hollow spaces within the brain filled with cerebral spinal fluid

Question 27

(def) cerebral spinal fluid

Answer 27

circulating fluid that surrounds the brain & spinal cord

Question 28

(func) cerebral spinal fluid

Answer 28

cushion protect keep surfaces moist

Question 29

4 parts of the WHOLE brain

Answer 29

cerebrum cerebellum diencephalon brain stem

Question 30

brain weighs

Answer 30

3 lbs

Question 31

(func) cerebrum

Answer 31

``` higher brain functions reasoning thought emotions senses process sensory info ```

Question 32

(func) cerebellum

Answer 32

involuntary movement of muscle fibers coordination posture balance

Question 33

(func) diencephalon

Answer 33

``` homeostasis hunger sleep temperature water balance ```

Question 34

(func) brain stem

Answer 34

relay station between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the spinal cord regulating heart and respiratory functions affects consciousness sleep cycle regulation

Question 35

(func) corpus callosum

Answer 35

connects the brain's left and right hemispheres

Question 36

human body (brain power)

Answer 36

pushing the limits

Question 37

how the brain makes time run slower

Answer 37

processes more in less time | ex. 50 snaps per minute becomes 100 snaps per 30 seconds

Question 38

how people enjoy eating unappetizing/painful foods

Answer 38

instinctual drives to obtain the nutrients we need in terms of spicy foods: they send pain signals to the brain, then the brain releases endorphins. this gives a pleasurable sensation so we remember this later on

Question 39

chocolate & kissing affect the

Answer 39

the pleasure center

Question 40

how the brain changes the body during starvation

Answer 40

1 - drive to find food: chemical released to enhance muscles/high alert/sharpen problem solving 2 - survival: slow down to use less energy (muscles and organs), new cells grow slowly, unnecessary cells scarcely grow (hair and nails) 3 - eat itself: destroying protein (muscles)

Question 41

how the brain stays cool

Answer 41

sweating: blood carrries heat to the skin's surface, sweat evaporates, blood cools, cools brain

Question 42

how the brain puts us to sleep

Answer 42

releases melatonin

Question 43

side-effects of not sleeping

Answer 43

not being at peak performance irrational/poor decision making (frontal lobe) imagining things/disorientation brain shuts off, no matter the outcome

Question 44

the sensory process that stays on during sleep

Answer 44

hearing - temporal lobe | chemicals clean the byproducts of daily cell activity

Question 45

what part of the brain shuts down during sleep

Answer 45

frontal lobe: logic center | brain cells that worked throughout the day

Question 46

the reason we cannot move while dreaming

Answer 46

brain sends signals to the spinal cord, temporary paralyzing us

Question 47

lucid dreaming

Answer 47

"harnessing the sleeping brain's power" | realizing you're in a dream without waking and choosing what happens in the dream

Question 48

negative outcomes if we don't dream

Answer 48

not filling away the information we learned throughout the day not consolidating knowledge/memories less imaginative