4: Perinatal period in ewes and does

Question 1

Why do you add xylazine to an epidural?

Answer 1

More prolonged activity

Question 2

How long does an epidural last?

Answer 2

2 hours

Question 3

Which joint do you aim for when giving an epidural?

Answer 3

Most mobile joint at the base of the tail

Question 4

Which angle do you aim for in an epidural?

Answer 4

90 degrees to spine, or 30 degrees to horizontal

Question 5

Why do cows strain following a prolapse?

Answer 5

Bent urethra so cannot urinate

Question 6

What can you do if you can’t replace a rectal prolapse?

Answer 6

Amputate

Question 7

How can you hold a rectal prolapse while attempting reduction?

Answer 7

Using spinal needles

Question 8

What % of body weight is intake?

Answer 8

2.1%

Question 9

What do hypoCa signs relate to?

Answer 9

Muscular weakness

Question 10

What are some signs of hypoCa?

Answer 10

Weak reflexes, constipation, shallow breaths, ruminal atony

Question 11

What is glucose like in pregnancy toxaemia?

Answer 11

Low

Question 12

Why do you see brain signs like central blindness and depression in pregnancy toxaemia?

Answer 12

Brain only uses glucose

Question 13

What happens to pregnancy toxaemia as it progresses?

Answer 13

Looks more similar to hypoCa

Question 14

What happens to responses in hypoMg?

Answer 14

Hyperresponsive

Question 15

What are constipation and reduced muscle tone like in hypoMg?

Answer 15

None

Question 16

What do you test for if in doubt?

Answer 16

All

Question 17

At what points can goats get ketosis?

Answer 17

Pregnancy and lactation

Question 18

What is a sign of ketosis in goats that sheep don’t get?

Answer 18

Subcutaneous oedema in lower limbs

Question 19

Is pain more noticable in goats or sheep?

Answer 19

Goats

Question 20

What are 6 conditions when a caesarean is required?

Answer 20

Prolapse whilst lambing, ringwomb for over 10 mins, monsters, oversized lambs, goat dystocia

Question 21

How do you tell the difference between toxaemia and septicaemia?

Answer 21

Mucous membrane, foul discharge etc

Question 22

What does poor quality silage look like?

Answer 22

Lots of stems, spoiled, shows sorting by ewes

Question 23

What is increased in twin lamb disease?

Answer 23

BHB

Question 24

What is % recovery in pregnancy toxaemia?

Answer 24

50%

Question 25

How do you prevent pregnancy toxaemia?

Answer 25

Improve forage, give mineral buckets, give concentrates 2x/day, flukicide, fresh water

Question 26

How do you treat pregnancy toxaemia?

Answer 26

80ml warmed CMD under skin, molasses, twin lamb drench, propylene glycol, multivitamin, metacam

Question 27

Below what rumen pH can cellulose not be digested?

Answer 27

6

Question 28

How often should you give concentrates a day?

Answer 28

2-3x per day, not all at once

Question 29

What is the maximum % dry matter the concentrates should be?

Answer 29

60%

Question 30

When do you give booster for clostridial disease and pasteurellosis?

Answer 30

4-6 weeks before lambing

Question 31

What is mastitis like in sheep and goats compared to cattle?

Answer 31

Worse

Question 32

What grade is mastitis in sheep and goats?

Answer 32

3 - sudden onset, systemically unwell

Question 33

What does peracute mastitis look like?

Answer 33

Gangrenous - red/blue/black udder, red discharge and secretion, necrosis

Question 34

What is prognosis in peracute mastitis?

Answer 34

Poor-guarded

Question 35

How do you treat peracute mastitis?

Answer 35

Antibiotics esp macrolides, fluid therapy, NSAIDs, stripping, oxytocin

Question 36

What do you give macrolides in mastitis?

Answer 36

Large Vd

Question 37

When is chronic mastitis often detected?

Answer 37

At weaning, or lamb not growing

Question 38

What is the ewe like in chronic mastitis?

Answer 38

Systemically well

Question 39

What is the udder like in chronic mastitis?

Answer 39

Abscesses and scar tissue

Question 40

Why do you cull chronic mastitis cases?

Answer 40

Reduced production and function

Question 41

What do you do if the chronic mastitis is superficial?

Answer 41

Lance and flush

Question 42

What is the zoonotic risk from chronic mastitis?

Answer 42

Staph aureus

Question 43

What can chronic mastitis especially cause production problems with?

Answer 43

Cheese

Question 44

What are somatic cel counts like in sheep and goats?

Answer 44

Unreliable in goats as they rise in late lactation anyway, less reliable in sheep than cattle

Question 45

What other test can you do to detect inflammatory cells?

Answer 45

California milk test

Question 46

In ewes and does, which bacteria are 80% of mastitis cases due to?

Answer 46

M haemolytica and S aureus

Question 47

Which bacteria usually cause chronic mastitis?

Answer 47

S aureus or T pyogenes

Question 48

Why is mastitis more severe than in cattle?

Answer 48

More leukotoxic than in cattle

Question 49

What is the usual cause of mastitis in dairy animals?

Answer 49

S aureus

Question 50

What is the usual cause of subclinical mastitis in dairy animals?

Answer 50

S epidermidis or S caprae

Question 51

Which stage of lactation is the biggest mastitis risk?

Answer 51

1-3 weeks or 8 weeks

Question 52

Why can Orf cause mastitis?

Answer 52

Damages lypmhoid cells of teats

Question 53

Which deficiency can cause mastitis?

Answer 53

Vit E/Se

Question 54

Which two factors of the milking machine can cause mastitis?

Answer 54

Worn teat liners, milking machine pulsation/pressure

Question 55

What can you vaccinate against mastitis?

Answer 55

S aureus

Question 56

What are five causes of agalactia?

Answer 56

MV/CAE, previous mastitis, poor condition or aborted, "hard udder", contagious agalactia

Question 57

What does MV/CAE cause in the udder?

Answer 57

Bilateral indurative mastitis (increased SCC)

Question 58

What causes "hard udder"?

Answer 58

Unknown

Question 59

Which agalactia cause is notifiable?

Answer 59

Contagious agalactia

Question 60

What can cause failure of milk letdown?

Answer 60

Nervousness or lambed early

Question 61

How can you treat failure of milk letdown?

Answer 61

Try oxytocin, keep with lamb or kid for several days to encourage them to suck