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Anatomy 2 > 4: Skull, Face & Scalp > Flashcards

4: Skull, Face & Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

where are all preganglionic sympathetics for the head located

A

lateral horn of T1

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2
Q

where are all postganglionic sympathetics for the head located

A

superior cervical ganglion

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3
Q

what nerves serve as the parasympathetics for the head

A

CN III
CN VII
CN IX

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4
Q

why are lymphatics important

A

that’s where infections spread

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5
Q

neurocranium

A

cranial bones to protect the brain

8 bones

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6
Q

viscerocranium

A

facial bones to protect airway

15 bones

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7
Q

pterion

A

point where bones can readily break

blood from the middle meningeal artery can be a problem here

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8
Q

what is the orientation of the foramen on the face

A

vertical; important for the trigeminal branches (V1, V2, V3)

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9
Q

calvaria

A

skull cap

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10
Q

bones of the neurocranium

A 
frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
occipital
temporal (2)
parietal (2)
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11
Q

bones of the viscerocranium

A 
ethmoid
vomer
mandible
maxilla (2)
inferior nasal concha (turbinate) (2)
zygomatic (2)
palatine (2)
nasal (2)
lacrimal (2)
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12
Q

features of maxilla & mandible

A 
alveolar processes
mental foramen (mandible)
infraorbital foramina (maxilla)
coronoid process
condyloid (condylar) process (TMJ)
head, neck, ramus, body & angle
mandibular notch & foramen
mylohyoid groove
mental spines or genial tubercles (superior & inferior)
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13
Q

boundaries of orbit

A

frontal bone=roof

zygomatic bone=lateral wall

maxilla bone=floor & part of medial wall

lacrimal & ethmoid bones=rest of medial wall

sphenoid bone=posterior wall

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14
Q

features of the orbit

A

supraorbital foramen/notch: in superciliary arch

optic canal (foramen): in median wall

superior orbital fissure: in medial wall

inferior orbital fissure: in floor

lacrimal groove (nasolacrimal canal): communicates with nasal cavity

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15
Q

boundaries of the nasal cavity

A

nasal bones + frontal sinus + ethmoid + sphenoid sinus = roof

maxillary bones = floor & lateral wall

palatine horizontal plate = floor

vomer & perpendicular plate of ethmoid bones = medial wall

nasal septum = medial wall

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16
Q

features of the nasal cavity

A

nasal conchae = projections from lateral wall

superior nasal conchae = ethmoid bone

middle nasal conchae = ethmoid bone

inferior nasal conchae = separate bones

conchae = turbinates

most of these features have a nasal mucosal membrane

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17
Q

what are the 3 cranial fossa

A

anterior cranial fossa (frontal lobes)

middle cranial fossa (temporal lobes)

posterior cranial fossa (cerebellum & brainstem)

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18
Q

features of paranasal sinuses

A

4 pairs of paranasal sinuses

spaces within skull bones

make bones lighter

add resonance to voice

lined by mucosal membrane

continuous with nasal cavity

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19
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses

A

frontal sinuses (2)

ethmoid air cells (3-13)

sphenoid sinuses (2)

maxillary sinuses (2)

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20
Q

cribriform plate

A

olfactory n. (CN I)

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21
Q

optic canal

A

optic nerve (CN II), ophthalmic a.

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22
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

CN III, IV, VI, ophthalmic (CN V1)

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23
Q

foramen rotundum

A

maxillary n. (CN V2)

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24
Q

foramen ovale

A

mandibular n. (CN V3)

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25
foramen spinosum
middle meningeal a.
26
foramen lacerum
nothing passes thru it
27
jugular foramen
IJV, CN IX, X & XI
28
internal acoustic foramen
CN VII & VIII
29
stylomastoid foramen
CN VII
30
hypoglossal canal
CN XII
31
foramen magnum
vertebral arteries, spinal cord, CN XI
32
carotid canal
internal carotid a. (enter skull here)
33
layers of the scalp
``` Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis (epicranial aponeurosis) Loose Connective Tissue Pericranium ```
34
skin
thin (except occipital region) many sweat and sebaceous glands and hair follicles lots of arteries, veins, and lymphatic drainage
35
connective tissue
thick, vascularized subcutaneous layer many cutaneous nerves
36
aponeurosis
strong tendinous sheet covers calvaria attachment for frontal and occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis m. and superior auricular m. together = musculoaponeurotic epicranius
37
loose connective tissue
sponge-like layer potential spaces that may distend with fluid upon injury/infection allows free movement of scalp proper (1st 3 layers) over underlying calvaria
38
pericranium
dense layer of connective tissue forms external periosteum of neurocranium and is firmly attached parts of it are continuous with fibrous tissue in cranial sutures
39
scalp lacerations
in C layer tend to bleed a lot bc well vascularized can result in death deep wounds into A layer gape, bc muscle is pulling aponeurotic sheet apart
40
clinical note: loose areolar tissue
danger space of scalp infections spread easily here infections travel into cranial cavity thru emissary veins to meninges fluid can move anteriorly into eyelids & root of nose
41
occipitofrontalis m.
moves scalp back and forward occipital m. + galea aponeurotica + frontalis m. (epicranial aponeurosis)
42
anterior auricularis m.
protract ear
43
superior auricularis m.
elevate ear
44
posterior auricularis m.
retract ear
45
frontalis m.
raises eyebrow (surprise)
46
corrugator supercilii m.
draws eyebrow in (frowning)
47
orbicularis oculi m.
closes eye (winking) orbital and palpebral portions
48
origin of mm. of eye
either bone or connective tissue
49
termination of mm. of eye
always bone
50
procerus m.
wrinkles bridge of nose
51
nasalis m.
compresses & dilates nostril
52
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi m.
dilates nostril
53
orbicularis oris
closes mouth
54
levator labii superioris
elevates upper lip
55
zygomaticus major/minor
draws mouth up
56
depressor anguli oris
depresses angle of mouth
57
depressor labii inferioris
depresses lower lip
58
risorius
retracts corner of the mouth
59
mentalis
protrudes lower lip
60
buccinator
compresses cheek & assists with mastication
61
levator anguli oris
elevates angle of mouth
62
depressor labii inferioris
depresses lower lip
63
temporalis
elevates & retracts mandible
64
masseter
elevates & clenches mandible
65
medial pterygoid
elevates, protracts & rotates mandible
66
lateral pterygoid
protrudes & rotates mandible; opens mouth
67
trigeminal n. (CN V)
sensory to the face & scalp
68
cervical n. (C2-C3)
sensory to the back of the head, ears & jaw
69
facial n. (CN VII)
motor to the mm. of facial expression
70
mandibular n. (CN V3)
motor to mm. of mastication
71
V1 sensory branches
supraorbital n. - to central forehead supratrochlear n. - to medial forehead infratrochlear n. - to upper nose external nasal n. - to lower nose lacrimal n. - to lateral brow
72
V2 sensory branches
zygomaticotemporal n. - to temple zygomaticofacial n. - to upper cheek infraorbital n. - to maxilla & upper lip
73
V3 sensory branches
auriculotemporal n. - to ear & temple buccal n. - to lower cheek mental n. - to chin & lower lip
74
parotid gland
anterior/inferior to ear calculus formation is assoc. w/chronic parotiditis (all 3 salivary glands) (stones can get caught in duct, VERY PAINFUL) salivary fistulas (opening/communication to outside) neoplasms (85-90% of mixed tumors involve parotid) Frey's Syndrome facial n. (CN VII) passes thru gland and can be in danger during parotidectomy (damage can cause paralysis of facial mm. on affected side)
75
Frey's Syndrome
gustatory sweating following a procedure, nn. get parasympathetic layer on top of them when healing instead of salivating, your face sweats a lot in the parotid area weird af
76
nerve branches from parotid gland
pharyngeal arch 2 derivatives nn. to posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid mm. posterior auricular n. temporofacial branch temporal branches buccal branches marginal mandibular branches cervical branches cervicofacial branch "People To Zanzibar By Motor Car"
77
motor innervation of facial n. (CN VII)
temporal branches - superiorly to temples zygomatic branches - inferiorly to arch buccal branches - medially to buccinator m. marginal mandibular branches - along inferior mandible cervical branches - inferiorly to platysma m. posterior auricular branches - posteriorly to lower ear
78
clinical note: facial n. (CN VII)
injury produces m. paralysis on affected side n. may be inflamed at stylomastoid foramen edema & compression of n. in facial canal Bell's Palsy: most common non-traumatic cause of facial paralysis (unilateral) (most resolve in 2-3 weeks, rarely permanent)
79
buccal fat pad
anterior to masseter m. covers buccinator m. protects parotid duct and buccal branch of CN VII gives cheeks fuller appearance
80
buccal nn. of buccinator m.
buccal branch of facial n. - CN VII motor to buccinator m.;lateral to masseter m. buccal branch of trigeminal n. - CN V3 sensory to buccal mucosa & skin of cheek (V3 ONLY PIERCES BUCCINATOR M. BUT DOES NOT SUPPLY IT)
81
superficial temporal a.
branch of external carotid a. at superior margin of parotid gland, runs anterior to ear to temporal region travels with auriculotemporal n.
82
superficial temporal v.
drains to retromandibular v. runs anterior to ear to temporal region travels with auriculotemporal n. lose it once it dives under parotid gland
83
transverse facial a. & v.
branches of superficial temporal vessels cross masseter m. btwn zygomatic arch & parotid duct supply blood to upper cheek region
84
facial a. & v.
artery is tortuous & anterior to vein; branch of external carotid, superior to lingual artery both cross mandible at ant. border of masseter m. at angle of mouth continue to medial angle of eye to angular a. & v.
85
IJV branches
``` angular v. facial v. superior thyroid v. retromandibular v. pterygoid plexus (deep temporal vv.) ``` deep venous plexus connects w/emissary vv.
86
EJV branches
``` anterior jugular v. occipital v. posterior auricular v. maxillary v. superficial temporal v. retromandibular v. pterygoid plexus (deep temporal vv.) ``` deep venous plexus connects w/emissary vv.
87
lymphatic drainage of head & neck
ipsilateral medial to lateral (neck) drains inferiorly & superficial to deep ultimately to the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct
88
submental nodes
inf and post to the chin drain from medial lower lip to the chin ipsilateral
89
submandibular nodes
superficial to gland and inf to body of mandible drain from medial corner of orbit, most external of nose, medial part of cheek, upper lip, lateral lower lip
90
preauricular & parotid nodes
ant to ear drain most of eyelids, part of ext nose, lateral cheek

Anatomy 2 (6 decks)

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