4. STD and Tuberculosis Flashcards
(30 cards)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Bacterial
- ____
- Syphilis
- ____
Viral
- ____
- HIV
- ____
- KS - associated herpesvirus
gonorrhea
chlmaydia
herpes simplex virus
HPV
Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Gram ____
• Diplococci
○ “____ bean” appearance
• Colonies:
○ ____
○ Transparent or ____ on chocolate agar
• ____ are the ONLY reservoir
• 40,000 cases are reported to the CDC in the US every year
○ Estimated half of total cases are ____
• Only transmitted via ____, NOT from a dirty toilet seat
negative coffee small white humans unreported sex
Clinical Manifestations of Gonorrhea
• The symptoms are often mild and people are \_\_\_\_ they're infected ○ Inflammation doesn't produce much pain, but can cause \_\_\_\_ • Male STD: ○ Site of infection is primarily \_\_\_\_ ○ Urethritis is characterized by \_\_\_\_ discharge and \_\_\_\_ § Dysuria: Painful \_\_\_\_ ○ 20% chance of acquiring it after interaction with an infected woman § Higher than \_\_\_\_ • Female STD: ○ Site of infection is primarily \_\_\_\_ § Scarring of the \_\_\_\_ tube can result in infertility ○ \_\_\_\_ is characterized by vaginal discharge, dysuria, and abdominal pain ○ 50% chance of acquiring it after interaction with an infected man § Higher than HIV • Gonococcal Arthritis: Most common teen/young adult arthritis ○ Mostly of the \_\_\_\_ and mostly impacts \_\_\_\_ • Neonates: ○ \_\_\_\_ § Major cause of infant blindness before antibiotics ○ Purulent \_\_\_\_ ○ Can be acquired by the newborn at birth during passage through the \_\_\_\_
unaware
scarring
uretheral purulent dysuria urination HIV
endocervix
fallopian
cervicitis
knee
women
ophthalmia
conjunctivitis
birth canal
Virulence Factors of Gonococcus
• Adherence and invasion: ○ \_\_\_\_ –> responsible for initial association § Very antigenic ○ \_\_\_\_: Forms a tight interacting with target receptors leading to endocytosis of the bacteria ○ P.I: Prevents \_\_\_\_ formation § Preventing the bacteria from being \_\_\_\_ • Antigenic variation: A particular Ag (pili) undergoes a constant change by being synthesized from among a large repertoire of \_\_\_\_ types ○ This makes it difficult to formulate \_\_\_\_ against gonorrhea § Will express different pili so the immune system will not recognize the different pili being expressed –> won't be degraded ○ Phase Variation: Turning on or off the \_\_\_\_ components • Lipooligosaccharide (LOS): An \_\_\_\_ responsible for most of the symptoms of gonorrhea ○ Causes \_\_\_\_ ○ All gram negative bacteria have \_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_
pilli
P.II
phagolysosome
degraded
antigenic
vaccine
surface
endotoxin
inflammation
LPS
LOS
Treatment and Prevention of Gonorrhea
• Cephalosporins and ceftriaxone
○ Ceftriaxone: ____ generation of cephalosporins
• ____ and ____ are key in prevention
third
condoms
sex education
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum • \_\_\_\_ • Gram \_\_\_\_ • NEVER grown in a \_\_\_\_ culture ○ Cannot be grown in a \_\_\_\_ • NEVER form \_\_\_\_ ○ Prevents them from being \_\_\_\_
spirochetes negative cell-free lab colonies studied
Fluorescence Microscopy of Treponema pallidum
• Involves the use of \_\_\_\_
Ab
Natural Course of Syphilis
3 Phases:
1. Primary Syphilis: Highly ____
○ Primary ____: Localized lesion where Syphilis first occurs
§ Will be seen within a week
○ Hematogenous dissemination can occur ____ weeks after the appearance of the Primary Chancre
2. Secondary Syphilis: Highly \_\_\_\_ ○ Has spread to the \_\_\_\_ becoming systemic ○ \_\_\_\_ and fever are present ○ Latent Syphilis: § No \_\_\_\_ can occur, which occurs in most people □ \_\_\_\_% of untreated cases relapse into Secondary Syphilis 3. Tertiary Syphilis: Leaves the \_\_\_\_and can invade organs that can be extremely devastating ○ Loss of \_\_\_\_ if it impacts the nervous system ○ NOT \_\_\_\_
contagious
chancre
3-10
contagious BS rash recurrence 25
BS
vision
contagious
Treatment of Syphilis
• ____ for early Syphilis
• ____ for late Syphilis and congenital Syphilis
• ____ and ____ for patients allergic to Penicillin
benzathine penicillin
penicillin G
tetracycline
doxycycline
Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis • Gram \_\_\_\_ • Very \_\_\_\_ –> .3μm in diameter ○ Was mistaken for a \_\_\_\_ initially • Obligate \_\_\_\_ parasite ○ Can only replicate within cells ○ Small genome means they're dependent on host cells for things like \_\_\_\_ • Most common \_\_\_\_ in the US
negative small virus intracellular ATP STD
Clinical Manifestations of Chlamydia
• Transmission:
○ ____
○ Airdrops and ____
○ Touching
○ Non-sexual methods of transmission are seen to cause ____
• Male STD:
○ Urethritis manifested by urethral discharge and ____
○ Most often ____ in men
• Female STD:
○ ____ characterized by vaginal discharge, dysuria, and bleeding
○ Often ____ in women
○ May cause ____
• Trachoma: Chronic inflammation of the ____ (conjunctivitis) causing them to turn ____
○ Corneal ulceration
○ Often leads to ____
○ Most commonly seen in poor 3rd world countries
sexually
aerosols
trachoma
dysuria
aysymptomatic
cervicitis
asymptomatic
sterility
eyes
inwards
blindness
Mature Chlamydia inclusion containing both elementary body (EB) and reticulate bodies (RB)
• Elementary Body (EB): \_\_\_\_ form for transmission ○ NOT \_\_\_\_ active that cannot replicate on its own –> requires a host cell • Reticulate Bodies (RB): Similar to a \_\_\_\_ that can survive outside the body for a long time ○ This form can \_\_\_\_
smallest
metabolically
spore
replicate
Life Cycle of Chlamydia
1. \_\_\_\_ 2. Conversion of elementary bodies to \_\_\_\_ bodies 3. \_\_\_\_ 4. Conversion of replicate bodies to \_\_\_\_ bodies 5. \_\_\_\_ and spread
entry reticulate multiplication elementary cell lysis
Treatment and Prevention of Chlamydia
• Treatment: ○ Doxycycline or \_\_\_\_ ○ \_\_\_\_ for children and pregnant women • Prevention: ○ \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_
azithromycin
erythromycin
condoms
sex education
Tuberculosis
• Over 9 million new cases and 2 million deaths per year worldwide
• 1/3 of the world’s population is infected with ____
• One of the top ____ killers in the world
• In the US 10-15 million people are infected
mycobacterium tuberculosis
3
Incidence of TB in the US • Death rate in major cities was \_\_\_\_ ○ Has steadily declined until the 1980s ○ Due to: § Discovery of \_\_\_\_ § Inexpensive \_\_\_\_ methods
1%
antibiotics
diagnosis
Patients with TB in NYC
• Increase in the 80s
○ Major reason is due to ____
○ Many AIDs patients die from ____
AIDs
Tb
Immigrants and TB
• Each of the southern New England states has a higher concentration of immigrants in the population than the US a whole
• Immigrants can bring ____ to the US
Tb
Mycobacterium tuberculosis • \_\_\_\_ bacilli • Grows in \_\_\_\_ • Colonies: ○ Very \_\_\_\_ growth on special media (\_\_\_\_ medium)
acid fast
cords
slow
lowenstein-jensen
• Showing how infectious TB is
○ Very low ____ dose (ID-50)
○ ____ cells can cause TB
disease producing
1-10
Transmission of TB
• Infectious ____ droplets in the air
• Aerosols can last in the air for very ____
aerosol
long
Entry and Multiplication of TB
• Ingested by ____ in the Lungs
○ Macrophages cannot ____ them
• Cells get carried from the original site of infection to the ____ or ____ depending on where the macrophages take them
macrophages
kill
lungs
lymph nodes
Two Courses of Primary TB
1. Effective immune response
○ Infection is limited to a small area of the ____ (tubercles/granulomas)
○ ____ and 95% of people
2. Immune response is insufficient
○ ____ TB and beyond, extra pulmonary or ____ TB
○ Seen with 5% of all people
lung
asymptomatic
pulmonary
miliary
Clinical Characteristics of TB
Primary TB:
* Inspired bacilli land in the \_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_ areas of the Lung * Formation of \_\_\_\_ in macrophages * \_\_\_\_: Tubercle/granuloma associated with a swollen lymph node
Secondary TB:
• Reactivation typically resulting from impaired ____ or ____
○ Lower ____ effectiveness
• The most common location of reactivation is the ____ lobe of the Lungs due to higher ____
• Lesions slowly become ____ and cavitation may occur
○ Destruction of tissue –> bloody ____
§ Patients can die of ____
• Disease is now ____
middle
lower
tubercles/granulomas
ghon complex
immunity reinfection T cell upper oxygenation necrotic sputum hemorrhage contagious
