7. RNA Viruses Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Comparison of Morphologic Sizes
Plant cells > animal cells > ___ > poxvirus > ___/___ > proteins > ___ > atoms
A
bacteria
viruses
ribosomes
small molecules
2
Q
Smallest: ___
___ nm in size, same as a ___.
Largest: ___ and rabies viruses
____ nm or greater.
A
picornaviruses 28 ribosome paramxyo 150
3
Q
Small, infectious, obligate intracellular parasites. They hijack the host cell.
• Genome either ____ or ____, not both.
• Virus uses ____ systems for replication.
• All viruses have their genomes wrapped
up in ____ shell, and may either have or not have a ____ membrane.
• Every virus has a protein shell ○ Some go behind, and carry a lipid layer around them § Once they infect cell > the cell membranes surround the capsid layer • Cannot replicate on their own - they are not \_\_\_\_ things
A
DNA RNA cellular protein lipid living
4
Q
Two shapes
Viruses have an ____ or ____ Shape
• Icosahedron ○ \_\_\_\_-faceted diamond looking structure
A
icosahedral
helical
20
5
Q
Helical shaped virus
• Nucleic acid is within the \_\_\_\_ shell • Each straw is a virus ○ This is a helical virus, and the nucleic acid is within the straw ○ This one doesn't have a \_\_\_\_ bilayer
A
protein
lipid
6
Q
Helical Symmetry: ____ viruses only
- Lattice of ____ subunits.
- Think of it as rolling up a flat sheet into a cylinder.
- ____ of the cylinder is sufficient to hold the viral genome
A
RNA
identical
diameter
7
Q
Icosahedral Viruses
There are ____ facets (triangles) ____ facets are facing you
A
20
10
8
Q
Different replication schemes
- Plus strand RNA viruses
- Minus strand RNA viruses • ds RNA virus
- Retroviruses• Two replication schemes: ____ and ____ strands
○ Won’t be mechanistic on the exams
• Retroviruses are ____
• dsRNA - won’t go into those
A
HIV
9
Q
Polarity
Plus and minus RNA viruses
- Plus strand viruses do not carry ____
- Minus strand viruses carry ____• Every virus wants to replicate itself, and they carry polymerase which is the enzyme that synthesizes and incorporates into RNA
○ Either takes along its own, or it makes its own
• Minus strand - carries in its own suitcase (____)
A
pol
pol
plasmid
10
Q
Single stranded RNA virus genomes
Plus Strand AUG GCA CGA > met ala arg
Minus Strand UAC CGU GCU
•Positive Sense RNA – is the equivalent of ____ – it binds to ____ and becomes ____ immediately.
•Negative Sense RNA – is the opposite sense as ____.
It needs to be converted (by ____) to become the equivalent of ____ before it is able to be translated.
A
mRNA ribosomes translated mRNA pol mRNA
11
Q
Replication of Plus Strand Viruses
A Plus Strand viruses do not carry Polymerase (Pol).
Instead, the Plus RNA Strand serves as its own ____ to make ____.
* Do not need to memorize * However you come in, is how you \_\_\_\_ out
A
mRNA
pol
come
12
Q
Picornaviruses Size: \_\_\_\_ Enveloped: \_\_\_\_ Capsid symm: \_\_\_\_ Nucleic acid: \_\_\_\_ Class: IV form: ss + 3'polyA Seg 1 Genes: 6-8 MW: 2.5
Members:
____
____
____
* Icosahedral in shape * Carries own RNA (\_\_\_\_stranded) * Rhino - common cold virus
A
25 no icos RNA poliovirus rhinovirus coxsackievirus
plus
13
Q
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE PICORNAVIRSUES
• These are the ____ viruses, about the size of ribosomes (25nm). PICO means SMALL.
• They are ____ in shape and have no ____.
• They contain a single ____-strand genome.
• They undergo ____ maturation of polyprotein.
• They cause a variety of diseases including the ____, hand-foot-mouth disease, ____ disease and the common cold.
* Genome is equivalent to a \_\_\_\_ * Hallmark: \_\_\_\_ - very unusual * Structure, small, icosahedral and + strand DNA, polyprotein; from there on, they're very different in the infections they cause
A
smallest icosahedral envelope plus post-translational polio myocardial mRNA polyprotein
14
Q
Poliovirus Complication - ____
A
paralysis
15
Q
1951 Polio Poster
Read this!
A
Yay!
16
Q
Poliovirus epidemiology
Poliovirus is:
• globally ____
• ____ transmitted person to person:
In most cases, poliovirus ____. It can be spread through contact with stool from an infected person (for example, eating food that is contaminated with poliovirus). Poliovirus is can be found in contaminated ____.
Less commonly, polio transmission occurs through contact with ____ or saliva.
A
disseminated easily ingested sewage water respiratory droplets
17
Q
The Course of Poliovirus after Ingestion:
SI: invasion multiplication, excretion in feces
Bloodstream: ___ (day 2)
CNS: invasion, multiplication, ___ spread (day 6)
___ (day 11)
* Primary viremia - the virus is in the \_\_\_; they should not be going into your blood stream > can disseminate * Once \_\_\_\_ > paralysis can occur
A
primary viremia
intraneural
paralysis
CNS
18
Q
The great paradox of poliovirus spread
In the absence of a vaccine, good hygienic conditions increase ____
A
susceptibility
19
Q
What provides protection against poliovirus under poor hygienic conditions?
- ____ Immunity from mother to offspring
- Transmitted ____ from herself (mother) to her infant, passing immunity to the infant
A
passive
antibodies
20
Q
An interesting feature of poliovirus is that it makes a Polyprotein that self-cleaves to generate ____ and ____.
• **** Know this! • From this single protein > makes one \_\_\_\_ > makes a giant protein > \_\_\_\_ > individual co-proteins > makes up the \_\_\_\_ ○ VP = viral protein
A
polymerase viral-coat proteins mRNA self-clipping shell
21
Q
Poliovirus Replication Cycle
Note: Polio is a ____ RNA virus that makes a ____
• Viruses get in via a \_\_\_\_ mechanism, has to bind a specific receptor ○ If this wasn't apparent, we'd be infected by all the same viruses, but we all have different \_\_\_\_ so one virus doesn't accept all • Receptor for poliovirus > \_\_\_\_*** > binds, and drags in via \_\_\_\_ > protein uncoats (protein shell off) > + strand > make lots of copies, and makes the \_\_\_\_ (mRNA and proteins) that repackages everything and it leaves the cell again
A
plus polyprotein lock and key receptor poliovirus receptor endocytosis polyprotein
22
Q
Poliovirus Maturation:
Viral RNA gets inserted into the newly made ____
A
protein shell
23
Q
Polio Paralysis
1 in 200 infections leads to ____ (usually in the legs).
Amongst those paralyzed, 5%-10% die when their ____ muscles become immobilized.
Although polio paralysis is the most visible sign of polio infection, fewer than 1% of polio infections ever result in ____.
A
irreversible paralysis
breathing
paralysis
24
Q
Two famous victims of poliovirus
____
____
A
FDR
richard treanor
25
Images of poliovirus - paralysis
The ____ keeps patient breathing
iron-lung
26
Two poliovirus vaccine: salk and sabin
```
Salk
Type: ____
Administration: ____
Dosage: ____
Immunity: ____
Difference: ____
Safety: ____
```
```
Sabin
Type: ____
Administration: ____
Dosage: ____
Immunity: ____
Difference: ____
Safety: ____
```
```
inactivated virus
intra-muscular injection
3 univalent injections
lifelong
IgG
free from vaccine caused infections
```
```
attenuated live virus
oral
5 multivalent doses
lifelong
IgG, IgA
small number of infections caused by vaccine
```
27
Salk produced the
___ polio vaccine
He used ____
that was delivered by injection
first
| killed-virus
28
SABIN
Produced the ___ polio-vaccine
It is a live vaccine taken ___
second
| orally
29
Background information: coxsackie virus
- discovered and named after hometown of ___, NY in 1948
- was accidentally found during trials to isolate ___ vaccine
- part of the ___ group, which is a subgroup of the ___
coxsackie
polio
enterovirus
picornavirus
30
Coxsackie virus
- found in adults and children, however it is more prevanlent in children agres ___
- epidemics of coxsackie viruses tend to occur more in the ___ and ___
- transmission is through ____ or ___ routes
```
1-7
summer
early autumn
fecal-oral
airborne
```
31
Coxsackie viruses
Two Types A and B
Features: The Coxsackie A and B viruses are ____. While there are approximately 10 million symptomatic cases in the USA each year, most infections are ____.
There are: ____ Coxsackie A types ____ Coxsackie B types
widespread
subclinical
24
6
32
Coxsackie A Virus causes:
• ____
•____ disease
herpangina
| hand-foot-and-mouth
33
Herpangina -Oral Cavit
* Commonly 10 - 20 ____-white vesicles with ____ areola surrounding them.
* Vesicles appear in the posterior part of the oral cavity on the ____.
* Vesicles proceed to form punched out ____ with intense ____ (capillary dilation)
* Finally, with herpangina there can be a ____ lasting a few days.
```
grey
red
ulcers
erythema
fever
```
34
Herpangina in the Oral Cavity is caused by Coxsackie ____ virus
Painful ulcers on the palate and tongue lead to problems of ____ and ____.
The disease subsides in a few ____.
A
swallowing
vomiting
days
35
Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease is caused by Coxsackie ____ Virus
* Hand-Foot-and-Mouth disease is characterized by oral and pharyngeal ulcers and a ____ rash on the palms and soles. It spreads to the arms and legs.
* Symptoms are: low-grade ____; headache; ____ pain; diarrhea; ____.
```
A
vesicular
fever
abdominal
malaise
```
36
Coxsackie ____ Virus infection has the potential of
| progressing to ____
B
| myocarditis
37
Coxsackie B myocarditis pathology
• Viral myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart that affects heart ____. This can result in ____.
Note: The damage to the heart muscle does not occur though blockage of ____ arteries, which is responsible for classic heart attacks.
• Not vessels of the heart
muscle
death
coronary
38
Coxsackie B - Myocarditis
| Symptoms of myocarditis include ____ and shortness of ____.
chest pain
| breath
39
Autopsied heart from patient with ____ cardiac failure. Observe ____ infiltration and necrosis of ____.
Coxsackie ____ virus is suspected.
acute
mononuclear
cardiomyocytes
B
40
There is no specific ____ for the Coxsackie viruses
• Treatment for polio, but not for this
• Polio has only ____ strains - can make a ____ strain
○ A vaccinologist's dream
• Coxsackie - many strains - the more strains you have, it becomes extremely difficult to make a ____
○ This is also why the ____ virus is difficult to make a vaccine
○ 24 A types, 6 B types fro coxsackie
treatment
three
trivalent
vaccine
common cold
41
Norovirus Facts:
• It causes ____.
• It used to be called ____ Virus, after Norwalk Ohio.
• It is the most common cause of ____, vomiting and ____ in adults in the United States.
• Major outbreaks of Norovirus occurred in 2012-2013.
• It is easily spread in ____, water, and objects which have come into
contact with ____ hands.
• Generally outbreaks are seen in ____ homes, hospitals, ____ bases and cruise ships.
• There is No ____ against Norovirus.
```
acute gastroenteritis
norwalk
nausea
diarrhea
foods
contaminated
nursing
military
vaccine
```
42
```
The Four Paramyxoviruses
• ____ Virus
• Mumps Virus
• ____ virus
• RSV
```
measles
| parainfluenza
43
Paramyxoviruses
| • ____ ____ shaped and enveloped with single ____ strand.
large
helical
negative
44
Paramyxovirus Infection Cycle
• Negative stranded RNA virus
○ Has to make a ____ strand, and then it makes many more copies of ____ strands and proteins to encapsulate itself
Note: Replication occurs in ____
positive
negative
cytoplasm
45
Paramyxoviruses: Systemic and Respiratory
• Mumps and Measles viruses spread throughout
the body to produce ____ or ____ disease.
• RSV and Parainfluenza viruses are confined to the ____ .
* ****
* RSV and parainfluenza are NOT systemic and confined to respiratory epithelium
generalized
systemic
respiratory epithelia
46
Measles and Mumps are:
The most contagious diseases of ____
Both measles and mumps are so contagious that if one person has it, ____% of the people close to that person who are not ____ will also become infected.
childhood
90
immune
47
MUMPS
MUMPS virus produces ____ disease with enlargement of ____ Glands. ____
or ____ tissue involvement is also characteristic of the illness.
* Can be infections in the sublingual and submandibular as well
* Parotid gets very swollen
systemic
parotid
glandular
nervous
48
Pathogenesis of Mumps
Mumps virus enters the ____ and replicates
in the ____.
It spreads
to ____ lymph nodes.
It spreads
to ____ lymph nodes and ____
Mumps virus becomes ____, i.e., it enters the blood stream where it can spreads to the rest of the body.
It last enters ____ (usually both sides) where it causes them to enlarge
Disease complications Include ____.
• Orchitis - ____ region
• Starts to spread once it enters the salivary glands
○ Talking and spreading tons of virus
respiratory tract
epithelium
local
distant
spleen
viremic
salivary glands
orchitis
genital
49
Mumps infection of the salivary glands:
u The ____ glands are most frequently infected, but the submandibular and ____ glands may also be affected.
u Usually, both ____ and ____ glands are infected
u The orifices of the ____ and ____ ducts can be red and swollen.
u Swelling resolves in about a ____.
u Although as many as 30 - 50% of infections are ____, mumps virus is shed, making these individuals ____.
```
parotid
submaxillary
left
right
wharton
stensen
week
subclinical
contagious
```
50
Glands and Ducts that become swollen with MUMPs
Contents of Parotid gland empty into oral cavity via ____
Contents of Submandibular gland empty into oral cavity via ____
stenson's duct
| wharton's duct
51
Time course of mumps infection:
TAKE A LOOK AT THIS!
YAY
52
Mumps complications
____ (atrophy of testis) is the most common secondary effect in males \ past the age of ____.
In males, it is ____ and thus, does not generally result in ____.
In females, infection of the ovaries may lead to ____.
____ resulting from a severe infection of the nervous system occurs rarely (2-5 cases/1000)
Less common manifestations are unilateral ____ deafness and ____.
orchitis
puberty
unilateral
sterility
encephalitis
nerve
nephritis
53
The Trivalent
MMR Vaccine against
Measles & Mumps & Rubella
* There is only one ____ type for each virus.
* Immunity is ____ after a single injection of the MMR vaccine. Note: This is a ____ vaccine that can produce subclinical, non- communicable infection.
• Epidemiology of Mumps following introduction of vaccine.
In USA in 1967 (yr the vaccine was licensed) there were 50-250 cases/ 100,000. In 1985, 18 yrs after MMR vaccine was introduced, there was about 1 case/ 100,000.
antigenic
permanent
live attentuated
54
Measles more than just a skin rash.
§ Measles is an ____ highly infectious disease characterized by a ____ rash, fever and respiratory symptoms.
§Even though measles appears as a ____ virus localized to the skin, it is not.
§ It is ____causing viremia and in some instances, major ____ complications.
```
acute
maculopapular
dermatrophic
systemic
CNS
```
55
Measles Infection
u Measles virus enters epithelial cells of the ____ mucosa where it multiplies and then enters the ____ to induce viremia (7 days).
u Measles virus becomes widely disseminated to induce rash due to viral proliferation in ____ cells and in ____ of
nose, mouth, conjunctiva and skin.
u Characteristic ____ cells can be observed in the skin, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lungs and kidneys.
u In the oral cavity, ____ appear 2-3 days of infection and are a leading clue to measles.
```
tracheobronchial
blood stream
epithelial
capillary endothelium
multinucleate giant
koplik spot
```
56
Measles Infection Course
Note: Koplik Spots appear ____ in oral cavity and are a clue to ____.
Note: ____ stage denotes inflammation of the mucous membranes, esp.
of the nose and throat.
* Get Koplik spots earlier on, won't have presence of any disease
* SSPE later on
early
measles
catarrhal
57
____ Spots are an early clue to measles infection
koplik
58
Measles: Koplick Spots in the Oral Cavity
§ Koplik Spots are small, ____ ulcerations on the buccal, gingival and labial mucosa.
§ They appear within ____ days after becoming infected with measles virus
§ They contain ____ cells that harbor viral ____.
§ Because they appear very early, Koplik Spots are a clue to measles infection.
bluish-white
2-3
giant
nucleocapsids
59
Measles is characterized by ____ cells with ____ inclusions.
• Cells come into contact, and the virus has a ____ which is able to cause the two cell membranes to fuse, and now you create one giant cell
○ Normally should've been several cells
giant multinucleated
nuclear and cytoplasmic
fusion protein (F)
60
Measles Complications
Complications include ____. 1 in 1000 cases, measles will localize to the ____. This complication can begin ____ days after rash. The neurological disorders includes loss of ____
* SSPE or ____ is rare (1 in 300,000).
* It occurs several ____ later after acute measles virus infection.
* This is a progressive ____ disease resulting in mental deterioration (____, motor activity, speech, seizures, coma) and death.
* SSPE is due to virus remaining in body, but which has become defective in ____.
* The M protein lies beneath the ____, where is serves as a glue to connect the envelope to the inside of the ____.
* This explains the failure to recover infectious measles virus from SSPE patients.
* The spread of this virus is by ____ transmission, which occurs efficiently in the network of cells of the CNS.
* There is no ____.
• Defective M protein leads to SSPE
measles encephalitis
CNS
2-7
speech
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
```
years
demyelinating
memory
M protein
envelope
virus
cell to cell
cure
```
61
US Measles Burden: Before 1963 Vaccine Development
- each year, measles caused an estimated 3 to 4 million cases
- close to ____ cases were reported annually to CDC, resulting in:
- - 48K hospitalization
- - 4K cases with encephalitis (brain swelling)
- - ____ deaths
500k
| 450-500
62
THE MMR VACCINE (reminder)
* Infections with measles, mumps and rubella viruses are confined to ____ and occur worldwide.
* They are all spread primarily via the ____ route.
* Each of these viruses exists as a single ____.
* MMR (mumps, measles, rubella) vaccine contains ____ forms of all three of these viruses.
man
aerosol
serotype
live, attenuated
63
US Measles Burden: Current
- measles was declared eliminated from the US in ____ thanks to a highly effective vaccination program and other control measures
- however, measles remains present in many other ____ and can be brought into the US by unvaccinated travelers > resulting in outbreaks that are costly to control
- since 2000, the annual number of reported measles cases ranged from 37 people in 2004 to 667 people in 2014
- the last measles death in the US occurred in ____
2000 - 2013: ____ decrease, ____ deaths prevented
2000
countries
2015
75%
15.6
64
2014 > measles casesa re ____ dramatically
increased
65
Big Measles News in 2015...
Small numbers of children are getting measles due to ____ movement by some parents.
This was highlighted by the ____ outbreak with 51 children getting measles.
anti-vaccinatino
| disneyland
66
Current Epidemiology of Measles
• Measles is extremely infectious via ____ secretions.
• The MMR vaccine has effectively reduced measles incidence in the USA, but measles is a leading cause of death in ____ in developing nations.
• In USA, mini-epidemics have occurred on college campuses in young adults who were not ____ or ____.
respiratory
children
immunized
exposed
67
Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) immunization and autism.
In the past, there was speculation that the MMR vaccine may be linked to autism.
Large studies have all concluded that there is ____ evidence to link MMR immunization to autism*.
no
68
Parainfluenza and RSV do not cause ____ disease.
Whereas, all of the paramyxoviruses initiate infection in the respiratory tract:
• Mumps and measles viruses spread throughout
the body to produce generalized or systemic disease.
• RSV and parainfluenza viruses are confined to the ____ epithelia.
systemic
| respiratory
69
Parainfluenza and RSV features:
Parainfluenza is not to be confused with ____.
RSV stands for: ____ Virus.
Cause major respiratory infections in infants and young ____. Spread via ____.
Both viruses cause progressive loss of ____ cells from the respiratory tract.
In most cases, complete recovery is the rule: ____ is rare.
There is no ____ for either virus.
____ Drug treatment for RSV only.
Ribavirin, a synthetic ____ which decreases ____ and may affect ____ of viral mRNA.
• Para confined to ____ airways, and RSV is ____ airways
```
influenza
respiratory syncytial
children
droplets
ciliated
hospitalization
vaccine
```
ribavirin
nucleotide
GTP
capping
upper
lower
70
RUBELLA
Rubella infection presents as a mild or even trivial exanthematous disease in children but its seriousness is in the ____ effects on the developing fetus.
(As a note to prevent any confusion: Rubella has also been referred to as German Measles, vs Classical Measles already discussed).
• Involves development and can affect children
teratogenic
71
Congenital rubella
rubella early in pregnancy can lead to fetal death, ____ delivery, congenital defects, spontaneous ____, stillbirth, ____, deafness, heart defects or mental ____
premature
abortion
blindness
retardation
72
RUBELLA PATHOLOGY
The Major Danger is to the developing fetus
Mild infection and rash: It is spread by ____ droplets and infects the ____ respiratory tract and is transported into the ____ where it produces viremia. The major symptoms are ____ and discrete ____rash. ____ complications are rare .
Congenital rubella: In ____ infection, the virus travels across the placenta from the mother’s blood. There can be ____ damage and tissue ____. A variety of manifestations including retardation and organ complications occur.
```
respiratory
upper
blood
lymphadenopathy
maculopapular
postnatal
```
intrauterine
chromosomal
necrosis
73
```
Effects of Rubella on the oral cavity may include.....
____ palate
____ mandible
Delayed ____
Hypoplastic or aplastic ____
```
high arched
hypoplastic
tooth eruption
enamel
74
The MMR vaccine protects against Rubella:
Rubella is moderately ____ (before vaccine, 80 - 90% of adults had natural immunity). Symptoms are so mild that no ____ is usually indicated.
A rubella ____ (developed CHOP) is available. The virus is administered to children (15 mo) as a ____ component of the ____ (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine .
```
contagious
treatment
vaccine
live attenuated
MMR
```
75
Rotavirus
• Most dangerous viruses for ____ - causes children to die from ____
children
| dehydration
76
Rotavirus
Disease: epidemic ____ of young children
Transmission: ____ contact
Sypmtoms: ____, diarrhea, ____, fever
diarrhea
human
dehydration
vomiting
77
Clinical importance of rotavirus
Rotavirus is the single most important worldwide cause of ____ in children.
• There are up to a billion ____ episodes per year in young children.
• In Africa, Asia, and Latin America rotavirus accounts for as many as
____ million deaths in pre-school age children per year.
• In USA, ____ is second only to respiratory illness as a cause of disease in families.
gastroenteritis
diarrheal
5
acute gastroenteritis
78
Importance of rotavirus on gastoentiritis infection
• Rotavirus is very common and takes up close to ___%
50
79
Rotavirus infection and pathology
* Transmission is by ___ route
* ___ of the villi of the ____ are infected.
* Replication of rotavirus in the cytoplasm damages the ____ mechanisms of the enterocytes.
* Damaged cells slough off into the ____ of the intestine and release large quantities of ____: (10,000,000,000 viruses per gram of ____)
* Diarrhea is caused by impaired ____ and ____ absorption as cells on villi are replaced by non-absorbing ____ (crypt) cells.
```
fecal-oral
enterocytes
small intestine
transport
lumen
virus
feces
sodium
glucose
immature
```
80
* [NOTES]
| * No ____ on infected > lost lining of enterocytes > cannot absorb Na+ and glucose and cannot retain water
fuzzy
81
Rotavirus pathology and control
Failure to replace fluids and to restore ____ balance accounts for many deaths.
____ and ____ serve as significant control measures.
electrolyte
sanitation
water management
82
New Rotavirus Vaccine ......
Recently (2006) three UPENN, CHOP, Wistar scientists developed the
the rotavirus vaccine:
____ (Merk)
This is a ____ vaccine.
There are ____ human serotypes contained in the vaccine
live attenuated multivate
| five
83
Rhabies virus
```
Size: ____
Enveloped: ____
Capid symm: ____
Nucleic acid: ____
Class: V
Form: ss-
Genes: 5
MW: 4
```
Members: ____
• ____***
```
175x75
yes
helix
RNA
rabies
bullet-shaped
```
84
Rabies Facts: Part I of 2.
• Source of Rabies virus is mainly ____.
Rabies virus an be carried by bats and foxes, raccoons.
• ~ 55,000 world-wide deaths per year
• From the ____ (or ____ from cave bats).
• Rabies virus travels from muscle to nerves to ____ to the brain.
• It multiplies in the brain (____ Bodies) and then migrates to the ____ and into the ____.
• Takes ____ days to get to brain .... plenty of time for vaccine.
• Days of protection ahead of you, do not need to freak out immediately
• ____ rabies is a clinical term for animals that have rabies
○ The brain is so affected - never found in the ____
```
wildlife
bite
aerosol
spinal cord
negri
salivary glands
saliva
10-50
```
dumb
daylight
85
Rabies Facts: Part 2 of 2.
• Once Rabies virus arrives in the salivary glands, saliva production greatly ____.
• Spasms of the muscles in the throat and larynx occur because rabies affects the area in the brain that controls ____, speaking, and ____.
• The spasms can be excruciatingly ____.
• An attempt to drink ____ can trigger the spasms.
• Thus, people with rabies cannot drink. For this reason, the disease is sometimes called ____ (fear of water
```
increases
swallowing
breathing
painful
water
hydrophobia
```
86
* Firstly into ____, then ____, and then you go into the brain and the last infection is of the ____ glands
* Dotted is ____ route
muscle
nerve
salivary
secondary
87
EM of Rabies in the Brain
Negri bodies are inclusion bodies found in the ____ of nerve cells containing Rabies virus, especially in ____ horn of the ____. Often also found in the ____ cortex of postmortem brain samples of rabies victims.
• If animal is infected, only way to find out is to decapitate > and pathology in the brain > negri bodies
○ Filled with viruses > the ____
```
cytoplasm
ammon's
hippocampus
cerebella
bullets
```
88
Rabies Clinical Phases:
• Virus enters through bite, grows at trauma site for a week and multiplies, then enters ____ and advances toward the ganglia, spinal cord and brain.
• Infection cycle completed when virus replicates in the ____
Clinical phases of rabies:
• ____ phase – fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue; some experience pain, burning, tingling sensations at site of wound
• ____ phase – agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching, hydrophobia
• ____ phase – paralyzed, disoriented, stuporous
• Progress to ____ phase, resulting in death
```
nerve endings
salivary glands
prodromal
furious
dumb
coma
```
89
Rabies Virus
| ____ used for vaccine
g-protein
90
Rabies: Diagnosis, Prevention and Control
• Often diagnosed at ____ – intracellular inclusions (____ Bodies) in nervous tissue.
• Bite from wild or stray animals demands assessment of the animal, meticulous wound care, and specific treatment.
• Preventive therapy initiated if signs of rabies appear.
• Treatment: Rabies Vaccine. ____ protein grown in ____ Cells.
• Control:
√ ____ of domestic animals, elimination of strays, and strict quarantine practices.
√ ____ vaccine incorporated into ____ for wild animals.
```
autopsy
negri
recombinant G
diploid wistar
vaccination
live oral
bait
```
91
```
Hydrophobia explanation: Rabies Virus
Hydrophobia is ("fear of water") is the historic name for rabies. It refers to a set of symptoms in the later stages of an infection in which the person has difficulty swallowing, shows panic when presented with liquids to drink, and cannot quench his or her thirst. Any mammal infected with the virus may demonstrate hydrophobia.
```
Saliva production is greatly ____, and attempts to drink, or even the intention or ____ of drinking, may cause excruciatingly painful spasms of the muscles in the throat and larynx. This can be attributed to the fact that the virus multiplies and assimilates in the salivary glands of the infected animal for the purpose of further transmission through biting. The ability to transmit the virus would ____ significantly if the infected individual could swallow saliva and water.
Hydrophobia is commonly associated with ____ rabies, which affects 80% of rabies- infected people. The remaining 20% may experience a ____ form of rabies that is marked by muscle weakness, loss of sensation, and paralysis; this form of rabies does not usually cause fear of ____
```
increased
suggestion
decrease
furious
paralytic
water
```
92
SARS is a CORONAVIRUS
| Note the ____ appearance that gives this family of RNA viruses its name
crown-like
93
Coronavirus Features:
• Coronavirus infection is common and worldwide.
• The incidence is strongly ____, esp., ____.
• The number of coronavirus serotypes and the extent of antigenic variation is ____.
• Re-infections appear to occur throughout life, implying ____ serotypes.
• Hence, the prospects for immunization appears ____.
```
seasonal
winter
unknown
multiple
bleak
```
94
WHAT is SARS ?
SARS stands for ____
SARS is an example of a very recent emerging virus
SARS is a type of viral ____, with symptoms including:
• fever, dry cough and headache
• shortness of ____
• ____ (low blood oxygen concentration).
• lymphopaenia (reduced lymphocyte numbers)
• elevated ____ levels (indicating liver damage).
Death may result from progressive ____ failure due to alveolar damage.
* Cannot breathe well because you're losing ____
* Aminotransferase - famous marker for ____ damage
```
sever acute respiratory syndrome
pneumonia
breath
hypoxaemia
aminotransferase
respiratory
oxygen
liver
```
95
Worldwide, SARS had killed less than 1,000 humans in 26 countries, with the bulk coming from ____ and other ____ countries.
Most people -- up to ____ percent or more – recovered from SARS but about 6 percent of those infected had died.
china
asian
90
96
Currently, there are ____ specific antiviral drugs to treat SARS or any coronavirus infection,
nor any ____ against SARS.
no
| vaccine
97
Three-dimensional image of SARS enables ‘____’ drugs to be designed and tested.
The idea is to make a drug that will jamb a key component of the SARS virus, e.g., a ____.
rational
| proteinase
98
WHERE AND WHEN DID SARS BEGIN SARS?
SARS was first identified in southern ____ in November of 2002, in the province of Guandong in southern China.
SARS began spreading to other countries in March of 2003.
china
99
Where Did SARS Come From?
____ with 99% sequence match to healthy masked palm ____ isolated from Guangdong, China. The civets are cat-like mammals closely related to the mongoos, and considered as a delicacy in Guangdong. It is believed that humans became infected as they raised and ____ the animals rather than by consuming infected meat.
coronaciruse
civot
slaughtered
100
IS THE SARS OUTBREAK OVER?
The world-wide SARS outbreaks is at an ____.
But........ new viruses are always EMERGING!
• Virology is not ____
end
| static
