4: Tissues

Question 1

What’s tissue made of

Answer 1

Cells and extra cellular material and fluid

Question 2

What’re the 4 types of tissue

Answer 2

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Neural

Question 3

What is epithelial tissue

Answer 3

Anything that touches the environment, all tubular structures

Question 4

Epithelial functions

Answer 4

Physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Specialized secretions

Question 5

2 types of glandular epithelium

Answer 5

Exocrine- secretions go through a duct to the outside of an organ

Endocrine- secretions go directly into blood stream

Question 6

Epidermis layers

Answer 6

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum spinosum 
Stratum basale

Question 7

Epithelial location

Answer 7

Skin 
Digestive 
Urinary 
Respiratory 
Lung cavities 
Pericardial

Question 8

Cell junctions

Answer 8

Fusions of plasma membranes of cells to prevent fluid diffusion between cells

Question 9

Epithelial classification

Answer 9

Simple- 1 layer
Stratified- multiple layer

Squamous- flat
Cuboidal- square
Columnar- rectangle

Question 10

Simple epithelial

Answer 10

Covers basement membrane
Fragile
Common for secretions and absorption

Question 11

Stratified

Answer 11

Greater protection

Found in areas with mechanical chemical stress

Question 12

What does squamous look like

Answer 12

Side view- thin and flat

Top view- fried eggs

Question 13

What does cuboidal look like

Answer 13

Side view- square with large round nucleus

Top view- hexagon box

Question 14

Columnar

Answer 14

Side view- rectangular nuclear at base

Top view- hexagon box

Question 15

3 types of stratified epithelium

Answer 15

Cuboidal- rare/ found in ducts (sweat glands, mammary glands)

Columnar- rare/ only superficial (pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra)

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial- single layer bc all cells rest on basement but looks fake bc nuclei are at diff distances from basement membrane (usually in respiratory tract)

Question 16

Merocrine glands

Answer 16

Most common

Exocytosis- Vesicle releases product into duct

Sweat glands/ milk in breasts/ salivary/ digestive and respiratory mucus

Question 17

Apocrine glands

Answer 17

Mammary/ under arm sweat

Loss of cytoplasm- Pinched off portion of cell in secretions

Question 18

Holocrine glands

Answer 18

Sebaceous (oil) gland/ wax coating on hair

Cell destruction/ whole cell sheds into secretion

Question 19

Types of merocrine glands

Answer 19

Serous gland- watery secretions with enzymes (parotid salivary)

Mucous glands- secrete mucin that form mucus (sublingual salivary)

Mixed glands- both serous and mucus (submandibular salivary)

Question 20

Cytoplasm

Answer 20

Material in a living cell excluding nucleus

Question 21

4 types of tissue membranes

Answer 21

Mucous- digestive, respiratory, urogenital

Serous- parietal/ visceral

Cutaneous- hair, nails, exocrine

Synovial- aids joints

Question 22

Cells of connective tissue

Answer 22

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Fat cells
Mast cells

Question 23

Fibroblasts

Answer 23

always present

produce tissue fiber and ground substance

grows to fibrocyte with maintains tissue fibers

Question 24

Macrophages

Answer 24

large phagocytic cells

destroys damaged cells and pathogens

release chemicals that mobilize the immune system

Question 25

Fat cells

Answer 25

adipose permanent resident each cell contains large lipid droplet number of cells vary

Question 26

Mast cells

Answer 26

Small mobile cells found by blood vessels Histamine/ heparin All released with injury and infection

Question 27

Connective tissues function

Answer 27

Support/ protection Transport material Store energy Defense of body

Question 28

Types of connective tissue

Answer 28

Proper (loose vs dense) Fluid (blood vs lymph) Supporting (cartilage vs bone)

Question 29

Connective tissue proper

Answer 29

Includes all tissue except bone, cartilage, and blood Loose vs dense

Question 30

Loose connective tissue

Answer 30

Areolar- connects fibers and soaks up fluid Adipose- insulate body and fuel storage Reticular- stores white blood cells Packing material of the body, cushioning between organs, support epithelial, anchor vessel and nerves, store lipids More ground substances Less fibers

Question 31

Dense connective tissue

Answer 31

Dense regular- resist tension in a single direction Dense irregular- resists tension in multiple directions Elastic- allows stretch and recoil Dense- resist tension and distortion More fibers Less ground substances

Question 32

Cartilage structure

Answer 32

Avascular- no blood supply Covered by perichondrium Outer layer- strong Inner layer- growth/ maintenance

Question 33

Lucunae

Answer 33

Contained in small pockets

Question 34

Cartilage metabolic

Answer 34

Low oxygen demand Gets nutritious by diffusion though matrix Limited repair ability

Question 35

Bone metabolic

Answer 35

High oxygen demand Gets nutrients from diffusion through cytoplasm fluid and canaliculi High repair ability

Question 36

Skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 36

Voluntary Striated Multinucleic

Question 37

Cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 37

``` Involuntary Uninucleic Branched Gap junctions Striated ```

Question 38

Smooth muscle tissue

Answer 38

Involuntary Multinucleic Not striated

Question 39

Neurons

Answer 39

Actual nerve cells | Do the communication

Question 40

Neuroglia

Answer 40

Supporting cells Like caregivers for neurons Use myelin to facilitate really fast electrical pulses

Question 41

Response to injury

Answer 41

Inflammation Regeneration Histamine and heparin

Question 42

3 things that cause inflammation

Answer 42

Trauma Infection Extreme temp

Question 43

Regeneration

Answer 43

Damaged tissue is replaced by fibroblasts to make scar tissue and dead cells are carried out