4- What is the Self?

Question 1

How was the self previously measured?

Answer 1

By asking people to create 20 sentences starting with ‘I am’

Question 2

What was the problem with the old way of measuring the self? (2 points)

Answer 2

• Hard to quantify as very open ended and subjective
• Lacking in theory and what it actually tells us

Question 3

What are included in A mode responses?

Answer 3

Physical characteristics

Question 4

What are included in B mode responses?

Answer 4

Roles and statuses, as well as socially defined relationships one may have

Question 5

What are included in C mode responses?

Answer 5

Personal traits and preferences, as well as styles of behaviour

Question 6

What are included in D mode responses?

Answer 6

General statements

Question 7

Who was William James?

Answer 7

One of the earliest psychologists to write about the self

Question 8

How did James describe the self?

Answer 8

The self contains two aspects- self can be both the subject and the object

Question 9

How is the concept of the self unique to humans?

Answer 9

We are the only species who have a capacity to reflect on and think about ourselves and be aware of ourselves

Question 10

What is the “I” part of the self?

Answer 10

Stream of consciousness and the sense of being aware of oneself

Question 11

How does the “I” see the self?

Answer 11

As the subject

Question 12

What is included in the “I”?

Answer 12

Thinking, feeling, and knowing

Question 13

How does the “me” see the self?

Answer 13

As the object

Question 14

What is included in the “me”?

Answer 14

Knowledge, thoughts, feelings, behaviours

Question 15

What is the “me” also called sometimes?

Answer 15

Self-concept

Question 16

What can beliefs about the self be?

Answer 16

Very useful

Question 17

Why is knowing who you are across situations and times important?

Answer 17

For coherency

Question 18

What is included in the ABC model of “me”?

Answer 18

Affect, behaviour, cognition

Question 19

What is included in the affect aspect?

Answer 19

Feelings toward the self

Question 20

What 3 aspects are included in feelings toward the self?

Answer 20

Whether you like yourself
Your confidence
Extent that you feel worthy and valuable

Question 21

What important concept is included in someone’s affect?

Answer 21

Self-esteem

Question 22

What is behaviour in the ABC model also called?

Answer 22

Self-presentation

Question 23

How do we try to present ourselves to others?

Answer 23

In a way that is consistent with our self-concept

Question 24

What is cognition also known as in the ABC model?

Answer 24

Self-concept

Question 25

What do self-schemas in cognition include?

Answer 25

Representations of who we are

Question 26

What 3 aspects are included in representations in cognition?

Answer 26

Beliefs, knowledge, and memory

Question 27

How do aspects of the ABC model interact

Answer 27

They are intertwined and affect each other

Question 28

Who came up with the levels of the self?

Answer 28

Brewer and Gardner, 1996

Question 29

What is the idea behind the levels of the self?

Answer 29

We can think about the self-concept at three different levels

Question 30

How are levels of the self activated?

Answer 30

By contexts and by cues

Question 31

Why is activating different levels of the self in different contexts important?

Answer 31

We are more likely to activate one type of self rather than another in certain situations

Question 32

What are the three levels of the self?

Answer 32

Collective self, relational self, individual self

Question 33

What is the collective self?

Answer 33

Group memberships that differentiate "us" from "them"

Question 34

What is the relational self?

Answer 34

Connections and relationships with significant others- interpersonal relationships

Question 35

What is the individual self?

Answer 35

Personal traits or characteristics that differentiate the self from others and make us unique

Question 36

How can we create multiple selves?

Answer 36

By breaking down the self

Question 37

What levels and how many selves can we have?

Answer 37

At all levels, and we can have many at each level

Question 38

What do we hold to create multiple selves?

Answer 38

Schemas of multiple selves and representations of what we might become in the future

Question 39

What are multiple self-schemas part of?

Answer 39

The cognitive self-concept

Question 40

How are different roles of the self represented?

Answer 40

Different roles have different attributes

Question 41

What 3 ideas can be included in multiple self-concepts?

Answer 41

What they might become What they would like to become What they are afraid of becoming

Question 42

How is the working self-concept activated?

Answer 42

By the situation we are in

Question 43

Who came up with the idea of multiple selves?

Answer 43

Markus and Nurius, 1986

Question 44

What evaluation is included in self-esteem?

Answer 44

Affective evaluation of the self

Question 45

How does self-esteem vary? (2 points)

Answer 45

Varies in valence from higher to lower Varies in stability over time and in response to events

Question 46

What is stable self-esteem?

Answer 46

People feel a similar sense of self-esteem over time

Question 47

What is unstable self-esteem?

Answer 47

People have self-esteem that can fluctuate

Question 48

What is the problem with measuring self-esteem?

Answer 48

It is very difficult to measure and difficult to quantify

Question 49

What is the main questionnaire to measure self-esteem?

Answer 49

Rosenberg self-esteem scale

Question 50

What is included in the Rosenberg self-esteem scale?

Answer 50

Statements that you rate from strongly agree to strongly disagree

Question 51

What do answers indicate in the Rosenberg self-esteem scale?

Answer 51

Either high self-esteem or low self-esteem

Question 52

What are the 3 limitations of self-report questionnaires to measure self-esteem?

Answer 52

- People are required to reflect and introspect accurately about themselves - People need honesty in responses - May be response biases

Question 53

Why do self-esteem questionnaires not have a social desirability bias?

Answer 53

Because there is nothing intrinsically good or bad about having high or low self-esteem

Question 54

What is an example of an implicit measure?

Answer 54

Name letter test

Question 55

How does the name letter test indicate high self-esteem?

Answer 55

People on average like letters more that feature in their name if they have high self-esteem

Question 56

How do implicit measures measure high self-esteem?

Answer 56

More positive attitudes and beliefs towards implicit measures when people have high self-esteem

Question 57

Why do we tend to use other measures as well as implicit measures to measure self-esteem?

Answer 57

Implicit measures aren't the most reliable