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Microscopic Anatomy > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Blood in ___________ in mucous membrane of nasal cavity regulates temperature of inhaled air.

A

venous plexuses

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2
Q

3 components of the respiratory system

A

Conducting
Transitional
Exchange

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3
Q

Consists exclusively of terminal bronchioles which are lined by:

  1. ____________
  2. _____________
  3. ______________
A
  1. Clara cells
  2. Non-ciliated secretory cells
  3. Only a few ciliated cells
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4
Q

Healthy bronchioles do not have ______________

A

goblet cells

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5
Q

Alveoli are lined by epithelial type I (____________) and type II ____________ .

A

membranous

pneumonocytes

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6
Q

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi are mostly lined by __________________ epithelium with secretory ________ cells and _____________ cells

A

pseudostratified ciliated, columnar
goblet
submucosal serous

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7
Q

Bone supported nasal cavity within skull divided by nasal cartilaginous septum into two halves: left and right. Each half has 3 regions:
A. ______________
B. ______________
C. _______________

A

A. Vestibular region
B. Respiratory region
C. Olfactory region

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8
Q

The vestibular region is lined with __________________epithelium
.

A

stratified squamous keratinized

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9
Q

_____________ the largest part of the nasal cavity is lined with ______________ epithelium with goblet cells. This combination of cells is known as the _______________, responsible for clearance

A

Respiratory region
pseudostratified columnar ciliated
Mucociliary apparatus

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10
Q

Projections from the lateral wall ________________ narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and increase the area of contact of inhaled air with respiratory mucous membrane, thus regulating the quality and quantity of inhaled air

A

CONCHAE TURBINATES

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11
Q

____________ granules from goblet cells, and the movement of _______ constitute a cleaning apparatus of the upper respiratory passages.

A

Mucinogen granules

cilia

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12
Q

Normally only present along the airways to the level of the large bronchioles, ___________ increase in numbers (aka ___________) in smokers as a reaction to injury.

A

goblet cells

aka hyperplasia

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13
Q

________ is a reaction to injury resulting in a change from ciliated stratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium

A

Metaplasia

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14
Q

Ciliated epithelial cells have ___________ on the tips of the cilia, and beat in unison. Cells are connected by __________. Dysfunction caused Immotile cilia syndrome ( aka ____________ syndrome)

A

‘claws’ of dynein
gap junctions
Kartagener’s Syndrome

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15
Q

The third region, or _________ region is lined with ______________, much thicker than respiratory epithelium, and lacks ______________

A

olfactory region
olfactory epithelium
goblet cells.

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16
Q

3 cells of olfactory epithelium and their function

A

olfactory neurons - olfaction (smell)
sustentacular cells - supporting
basal cells - stem cells

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17
Q

Lamina propria of the olfactory region contains_____________ glands and nonmyelinated axons of olfactory neurons form nerve bundles aka _______

A

serous olfactory

cranial nerve I

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18
Q

Both olfactory and respiratory regions are rich in __________, known as ______________ -which are distended with blood

A

venous plexuses

SWELL BODIES

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19
Q

The _____________ is the first stage of the accessory olfactory system and contains sensory neurons that detect chemical stimuli and pheromones

A

Vomeronasal organ

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20
Q

Initial part of the larynx is lined by __________________. After the vocal chords the lining changes to ___________________ epithelium, which continues into the trachea.

A

stratified squamous epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

21
Q

Trachea is composed of rings of _________ cartilage, which are incomplete dorsally.

A

hyaline

22
Q

Trachea branches into 2 _______ .

A

bronchi

23
Q

In the bronchus _____________ surrounds the lamina propria followed externally by connective tissue containing ________________ and plates of _________________.

A

smooth muscle
mixed bronchial glands
hyaline cartilage

24
Q

Mixed seromucous glands of the bronchus secrete _______ , _________, and __________ (bacteriostatic/cidal).

A

mucin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme

25
Q

Bronchi branch into ___________ that lack ________ and ________, and are subdivided into:

  1. _____________
  2. _____________
A

bronchioles
cartilage and glands
1. terminal bronchioles
2. respiratory bronchioles

26
Q

Terminal bronchioles are lined by _____________ cells with few to no ___________. However a ____________ is still present.

A

ciliated cuboidal
goblet cells
muscularis mucosae

27
Q

___________ cells:

  • Bulge at surface
  • Source of surfactant-like substance which aids in maintaining patency of airway
  • Metabolize airborne toxins, may have immune function
  • located in _________ and _______________.
A

Clara cells

Located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles

28
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are lined by _____________ which becomes flattened distally. Have incomplete __________, and are subdivided into ____________.

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelium
muscularis mucosae
alveolar ducts

29
Q

Alveolar ducts are part of the exchange system and they empty into _____________ and __________.

A

alveolar sacs

alveoli

30
Q

The walls of alveolar ducts are composed entirely of alveoli lined with _______________cells. The edge surrounding the opening of each alveoli of an alveolar duct contains __________ cells.

A

simple squamous epithelial

smooth muscle

31
Q

2 distinct cells lining alveoli are ____________ and ______________.

A

Pneumocytes type I and pneumocytes type II

32
Q

Pulmonary edema is when the ___________ become filled with a proteinaceous fluid

A

alveolar spaces

33
Q

Neighboring alveoli connect with each other via pores, providing _____________ and collateral __________ if a bronchiole is obstructed.

Also allow ___________
passage from one alveolus to
another.

A

equalization of pressure
ventilation

macrophage

34
Q

An alveolar macrophage (or _________) is a monocyte derivative found in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall. They clean off particles such as dust or microorganisms.

A

dust cell

35
Q

COLLAGEN TYPE III is present in the ____________

COLLAGEN TYPE I is present in the ____________

A

alveolar wall

conducting airways

36
Q

Along with collagen, the fibroblasts in the alveolar septum may also produce __________.

A

elastic fibers

37
Q

_______________ cells compose 95% of alveolar surface area, and form the ___________. These cells are extremely thin, and have _____________ to prevent fluid passage

A

Pneumocyte Type I
alveolar wall
occluding junctions

38
Q

Pneumocyte type I is a __________ pneumocyte

A

membranous

39
Q

Pneumocyte type II, also known as a __________________ cell, produces granules of __________ via _______ bodies.

A

granular alveolar type II cell
surfactant
lamellar bodies

40
Q

Pneumocyte type II aka granular pneumocyte, aka ______________.

A

great alveolar cell

41
Q

Surfactant functions to ___________, reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli, thus preventing alveolar collapse (known as __________)

A

reduce surface tension

Atelectasis

42
Q

__________ stimulates production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturition.
Absence of surfactant in newborns is know as __________________.

A

Cortisol

Hyaline Membrane Disease

43
Q

What are the 6 obstacles oxygen must cross in the blood-air barrier?

A
  1. surfactant
  2. Cytoplasm of type I alveolar cell
  3. Basal Lamina of type I cell
  4. Basal Lamina of endothelial cell
  5. cytoplasm of endothelial cell
  6. capillary RBC’s
44
Q

Alveolar Macrophages (“____”)

A

PAMs

45
Q

Intravascular Macrophages (“____”)

A

PIMs

46
Q

Capillaries in the pulmonary vessels are the ____________ type.

A

continuous

47
Q

True or false:

Lymphatic vessels are found in the alveolar walls.

A

False:

Lymphatic vessels are found as far as the alveolar ducts but not in the alveolar walls.

48
Q

The mediastinal and visceral pleura covering the entire surfaces of the lungs is composed of simple squamous epithelial cells also known as _____________.

A

mesothelial cells.

Microscopic Anatomy (8 decks)

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