410-412 - Cell junctions, shoulders, knees, and wrists

Question 1

Name the layers of the epidermis

Answer 1

Stratum Corneum (keratin)
Stratum Lucidum 
Stratum Granulosum 
Stratum Spinosum (spines = desmosomes)
Stratum Basale (stem cell site)

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Question 2

What proteins make up tight junctions?

Answer 2

claudins and occludins

Question 3

What is another name for tight junction?

Answer 3

zonula occludens

Question 4

What is the function of the tight junction?

Answer 4

prevents paracellular movement of solutes

Question 5

Are tight junctions located near the apical or BL surface of the epithelial cell junction?

Answer 5

Apical

Question 6

What is another name for adherents junction?

Answer 6

zonula adherens

Question 7

What kind of junction is just below the tight junction in the epithelial junction?

Answer 7

adherens junctions

Question 8

What is the function of the adherents junction?

Answer 8

forms a “belt” connecting actin cytoskeletons of adjacent cells with CADherens (Ca2+ dependent adhesion proteins)

Question 9

Loss of which proteins in the inter epithelial junction promotes metastasis?

Answer 9

E-cadherin

Question 10

What is another name for a desmosome?

Answer 10

macula adherens

Question 11

What is the function of desmosomes?

Answer 11

structural support via keratin interactions.

Question 12

What disease is caused by autoantibodies against desmosomes?

Answer 12

pemphigus vulgaris

Question 13

What proteins make up gap junctions?

Answer 13

connexons

Question 14

What do gap junctions do?

Answer 14

permit electrical and chemical communication b/w cells

Question 15

What connects keratin in basal cells to underlying basement membrane?

Answer 15

hemidesmosome

Question 16

What condition is caused by autoantibodies against hemidesmosomes?

Answer 16

bullous pemphigoid

“hemidesmosomes are down “bullow”

Question 17

What are membrane proteins that maintain the integrity of the BL membrane by binding to collagen and laminin in the BM?

Answer 17

integrins

Question 18

What test is used to assess ACL injury?

Answer 18

anterior drawer sign

Question 19

What test is used to assess PCL injury?

Answer 19

posterior drawer sign

Question 20

Would you apply valgus stress or varus stress to assess an MCL injury?

Answer 20

valgus

Question 21

Would you apply valgus stress or varus stress to assess an LCL injury?

Answer 21

varus

Question 22

What is the McMurray test?

Answer 22

rotation of the knee to assess meniscal tears

Question 23

Pain on external rotation of the knee indicates injury to which meniscus?

Answer 23

medial meniscus

Question 24

Pain on internal rotation of the knee indicates injury to which meniscus?

Answer 24

lateral meniscus

Question 25

What is the unhappy triad?

Answer 25

a common injury in contact sports due to the lateral force applied to a planted leg; classically damage to ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus (attached to MCL); note that lateral meniscus injury is more common

Question 26

Do “anterior” and “posterior” in ACL and PCL refer to sites of tibial or femur attachment?

Answer 26

tibial

Question 27

Is the fibula medial or lateral at the knee joint?

Answer 27

lateral

Question 28

What is an important bony landmark for pudendal nerve block (e.g. to relieve pain of delivery)?

Answer 28

ischial spine

Question 29

Where is the appendix located with respect to external anatomy?

Answer 29

2/3 of the distance b/w the umbilicus and the anterior superior iliac spine (McBurney point)

Question 30

What is an important landmark for a lumbar puncture?

Answer 30

iliac crest

Question 31

What are the shoulder muscles that form the rotator cuff?

Answer 31

SItS: 
Suprapinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

Question 32

What two muscles are innervated by the supra scapular nerve?

Answer 32

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus

Question 33

What does the supraspinatus muscle do?

Answer 33

abducts arm initially (before the action of the deltoid)

Question 34

What is the most common rotator cuff injury?

Answer 34

supraspinatus injury

Question 35

what does the infraspinatus do?

Answer 35

Laterally rotates arm

Question 36

What injury do pitchers often sustain to the shoulder muscles?

Answer 36

infraspinatus injury

Question 37

what does the trees minor do?

Answer 37

adducts and laterally rotates arm

Question 38

what nerve supplies teres minor?

Answer 38

axillary nerve

Question 39

What nerve supplies the subscapularis?

Answer 39

subscapular nerve

Question 40

what does the subscapularis do?

Answer 40

medially rotates and adducts the arm

Question 41

What spinal levels are responsible for rotator cuff muscles?

Answer 41

primarily C5-C6

Question 42

What are the 8 bones of the wrist? (start at the radial side proximally and make a loop back distally)

Answer 42

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
(So long to pinky, here comes the thumb)

Question 43

What is the most commonly fractured carpal bone?

Answer 43

scaphoid

Question 44

Which wrist bone is prone to avascular necrosis owning to retrograde blood supply?

Answer 44

scaphoid

Question 45

When dislocated, which wrist bone may cause acute carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 45

lunate

Question 46

The ulnar nerve can be injured when this wrist bone breaks in a fall on an outstretched hand:

Answer 46

hamate

Question 47

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 47

entrapment of median nerve in carpal tunnel → compression → paresthesia, pain, and numbness in distribution of the median n.

Question 48

What is guyon canal syndrome?

Answer 48

compression of ulnar nerve at wrist or hand, classically seen in cyclists due to pressure from handlebars