Larynx and Laryngopharynx

Question 1

the larynx extends from the [….] to […..]

Answer 1

epiglottis to C6 (lower border of cricoid cartilage)

Question 2

laryngeal skeleton is made up of the […] bone, [….] cartilage, and [….] cartilage.

each section is connect by a membrane. (thyrohyoid membrane, cricothyroid membrane)

Answer 2

hyoid bone

thyroid cartilage (adams apple, posterior deficiency=laryngeal inlet)

cricoid cartilage (completely closed)

Question 3

the laryngeal inlet connect the [….] and […] and is formed by the posterior deficiency of the [….] cartilage.

Answer 3

pharynx and larynx

thyroid cartilage.

Question 4

vocal cords need to be […] for phonation and [….] for breathing

the vocal cord position is adjusted by the […..] (muscles).

Answer 4

adducted (pushing air through closed membrane creates vibration)

abducted for breathing.

intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

Question 5

intrinsic muscles of the larynx:

the cricothyroid acts to…..

Answer 5

lengthen the vocal cords

Question 6

intrinsic muscles of the larynx:
the posterior cricoarytenoid acts to….
the lateral cricoarytenoid acts to….

Answer 6

abduct

adduct

Question 7

the transverse and oblique arytenoid act to …..

Answer 7

close the rima glottis (opening between vocal cords and arytenoid cartilages).

Question 8

vocalis and thyroarytenoid act to….

Answer 8

relax the vocal cords

Question 9

the nerves of the larynx are branches of CN…..

the inferior laryngeal nerve supplies all the intrinsic muscles except [……].
the external laryngeal nerve supplies the [….] muscle.

the internal laryngeal nerve (a branch of Vagus nerve) supplies sensory to the [….].

recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates the [….] muscles, and can cause hoarse voice/stridor when damaged.

Answer 9

V - Vagus nerve

cricothyroid.
cricothyroid.

laryngeal mucosa

abductor and adductor

Question 10

because the tracheal area is highly vascularized, with presence of the [….], a [….] membrane puncture may be preferrable to a tracheotomy to establish an emergency airway.

Answer 10

superior laryngeal vessels, internal laryngeal vein and inferior thyroid vein.

cricothyroid membrane puncture.

Question 11

which cranial nerves supplies the pharynx?

Answer 11

• glossopharyngeal (IX) - pharyngeal (afferent arc of gag reflex)
• trigeminal nerve (V) - maxillary division, pharyngeal brances
• vagus nerve (X) - internal laryngeal nerve

Question 12

which cranial nerve supply’s motor innervation to most of the pharynx? which muscle is the exception?

Answer 12

• most from pharyngeal branches of Vagus nerve (CN X)

- except for stylopharyngeus, which is supplied by CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

Question 13

swallowing process:

1. bolus of food is shaped and pushed by […] to the palate.
2. soft palate descends and [….] grip and push bolus down into the […..].
3. soft palate is [….] and tightened to prevent bolus from entering the nasal cavity.
4. […..] are elevated to bring bolus closer to the oesophagus.
5. […..] is closed to prevent bolus from entering trachea.
6. bolus is pushed down the oropharynx and over the [….]
7. bolus forced down the [….] and into the oesophagus
8. larynx is depressed to return to normal position mostly by […..] force

Answer 13

tongue
palatal arches
orpharynx
elevated
larynx and pharynx
laryngeal inlet
epiglottis
laryngopharynx
elastic recoil