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POD Exam 1 > Microbial cell structure and classification > Flashcards

Microbial cell structure and classification Flashcards

1
Q

what in the cell are virulence factors

A

different cell structures

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2
Q

Rods

A

straight club-shaped

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3
Q

cocci

A

spherical

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4
Q

coccobacillary

A

very short rods

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5
Q

virulence factor

A

component of a cell or virus which enhances its ability to cause disease

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6
Q

flagella

A

required for movement of cell,

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7
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement toward or away from toxic substance

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8
Q

what protein makes flagella

A

flagellin

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9
Q

Monotrichous

A

single flagella

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10
Q

lophotrichous

A

multiple flagella coming out of one spot

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11
Q

amphitrichous

A

flagella coming out of either end

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12
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella coming out of everywhere

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13
Q

pili

A

allow cells to adhere to host cell or other bacterial cells

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14
Q

capsule

A
  • thick viscous layer to thin amorphous slime layer

- usually polysaccharide confers resistance to phagocytosis

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15
Q

bacterial cell contents: nucleoid

A

area containing bacterial chromosome and plasmid DNA

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16
Q

bacterial cell contents: cytoplasmic inclusion bodies

A

nutrient macromolecules are stored as large microscopically visible complexes

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17
Q

bacterial cell contents:70s ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis

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18
Q

bacterial cell contents: endospores

A

heat-resistant, dehydrated multi-layered cells that are rich in calcium dipicolinate

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19
Q

sporulation

A

forming endospores

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20
Q

bacterial cell contents: plasma membrane is equivalent to what other sturcture

A

eukaryotic membrane

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21
Q

name 3 functions of plasma membrane

A

active transport
respiratory chain
synthesis for phospholipids, LPS

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22
Q

bacterial cell contents: bacterial cell envelope

A

plasma membrane
cell wall
intervening material

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23
Q

bacterial cell envelope attaches to host cells mediated by what

A 
pili and
teichoic acids (gram + only)
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24
Q

name 2 groups bacteria can be divided into

A

gram positive

gram negative

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25
Q

explain gram staining

A
  1. crystal violet
  2. Iodine dye ( both violet)
  3. decolorization - alcohol acetone
    (+ violet, - clear)
  4. safranin
    (+ purple/blue, - red)
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26
Q

what are 3 main key layers of Gram + cell

A

peptidoglycan
teichoic acids, lipteichoic acid
plasma membrane

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27
Q

peptidoglycan

A

complex macromolecule

-glycan polymers cross-linked by peptide chains

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28
Q

name four functions of peptidoglycan

A
  1. diffusion of small molecules
  2. shape of bacterial cell
  3. phagocytosis
  4. MDP
29
Q

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is what

A

product of peptidoglycan degradation in host

30
Q

MDP causes what

A

fever

31
Q

Teichoic acids

A

water-soluble polymers

32
Q

how is teichoic acid linked to peptidoglycan

A

phosphodiester linkages

33
Q

what are common surface antigens on Gram + bacteria

A

TA’s and LTA’s
Teichoic acids
Lipoteichoic acids

34
Q

what enzyme is required for transport of nurtients across plasma membrane for Gram + cell

A

permeases

35
Q

what are 4 key layers of Gram -

A

outer membrane
thin peptidoglycan
periplasmic space
inner plasma membrane

36
Q

what is the outer memebrane of gram - compsed of

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

37
Q

where is LPS located on outer memebrane for Gram -

A

outer leaflet only

38
Q

LPS is sometimes called what

A

endotoxin

39
Q

besides LPS what else is located on outer membrane of Gram -

A

porins
brauns’ lipoprotein
omp protein

40
Q

what are the 3 covalently linked sections for LPS

A

lipid A
Core
O antigen

41
Q

lipid A role

A

endotoxic activity

anchors LPS

42
Q

core polysaccharide structure

A

unusual 8 carbon sugar KDO

43
Q

purpose for us for O antigen

A

helps us identify

44
Q

LPS is shed into blood stream during bacteremia, what does it cause

A

synthesis of IL-1, TNF

-complement and coagulation activated

45
Q

what are some clinical effects of LPS

A

sleep
fever
shock
hypoglycemia

46
Q

LPS and lipoteichoic acid are both what

A

amphipathic

47
Q

clincially what does lipoteicoic acid cause in the body, what does it not cause unlike LPS

A

coagulation

not fever

48
Q

what do prions do

A

form channels allows passive diffusion of small charged molecules

49
Q

braun lipoprotiens

A

anchors outer membrane to peptidoglycan

50
Q

omp proteins

A

stabilize outer proteins

51
Q

form gram -, what are 4 functions of outer membrane

A

permeability barrier
structural rigidity
sieve
host cell and phage attachment

52
Q

how is gram - peptidoglycan different from the gram + layer

A

no pentapeptide briding

loss crosslinking, more porous

53
Q

Perisplasmic gel contains

A

hydrolytic enzymes

54
Q

what virulence factors are located in the periplasmic space

A

collagenases

hyluronidase

55
Q

how are contents of periplasm released

A

shedding of outer membrane

56
Q

what is in kingdom protista

A

eukaryotic and unicelluar

57
Q

what is in kindgdom prokaytoia

A

all bacteria

58
Q

most pathogens are in what family

A

eubacteria

kingdom prokaryota

59
Q

what are 3 families in protista

A

protozoa
algae
fungi

60
Q

what are 3 families in prokayota

A

cyanobacteria
archaebacteria
eubacteria

61
Q

what are 2 broad classes of bacterial virulence

A

promote colonization

damage to host

62
Q

what are adherence virulance factors

A

pili
adhensions
biofilms

63
Q

invasins

A

bacterial surface proteins

allows entry into cells that are not naturally phagocytic

64
Q

escape from phagocytic vesicles

A
  • pathogens survive ingestion
  • leave vesicle, intracellular life
  • disrupts membran and escapes
65
Q

how does Cytotoxins acquire iron

A

kills cell to liberate intracellular nutrients

66
Q

what do capsules and slime layers do for evading the immune system

A

cover entire cell,

- network of polymers helps bacterial cell evade complement and phagocytes

67
Q

exotoxins

A

toxic bacterial proteins

68
Q

what are 3 types of exotoxins

A

AB toxins
hemolysins
superantigens

69
Q

AB toxins

A

A and B subunit

enter cell by translocation or endocytosis

POD Exam 1 (17 decks)

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