4.1.1 Basic Concepts Of Core Organic Chemsitry (naming + Representing Formulae)

Question 1

What’s organic chemistry the study of

Answer 1

Compounds contain carbon

Question 2

What can ‘organic’ compounds only be made by

Answer 2

Living organisms

Question 3

How are organic compounds all bonded

Answer 3

Covalently (share electrons)

Question 4

What causes the 3D shape

Answer 4

Electrons repelling

Question 5

What’s the molecule shape if methane

Answer 5

4 bonds

Tetrahedral

Question 6

What’s a ‘family’

Answer 6

Homologous series with same functional group (last name)

Question 7

What carbon bonds do alkanes have

Answer 7

Single c-c

Question 8

First 10 alkanes

Answer 8

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane 
Nonane
Decade

Question 9

Formula of methane, ethane, propane

Answer 9

CH4
C2H6
C3H8

Question 10

What are the bond angles at each carbon atom usuallly in an alkane
Why

Answer 10

109.5*

Gives maximum distance that 4 electron pairs from each covalent bond can be apart (repels)

Question 11

General formula of alkane

Answer 11

CnH2n+2

Question 12

What do memebers of the alkane family have similar if

Answer 12

Similar chemical properties + physical properties

Question 13

When do melting + boiling points increase in alkanes

Answer 13

As size and intermolecular forces increase (van der waals)

Question 14

What’s the general formula for the alkene homologous series

Answer 14

CnH2n

Question 15

What are alkanes as they contain only single bonds

Answer 15

Saturated

Question 16

Why are alkenes unSaturated

Answer 16

They contain double bonds that can react with hydrogen in a hydrogenation reaction

Question 17

What are functional groups

Answer 17

An atom/group of atoms that determined the chemical properties of a molecule

Question 18

First 3 alkenes

Answer 18

Ethene
Butene
Propene

Question 19

Formula for ethene, butene and propene

Answer 19

C2H4
C3H6
C4H8

Question 20

Empirical formula of Propene (C3H6)

Answer 20

CH2

Question 21

What type of hydrocarbons are alkanes

Answer 21

Saturated

Question 22

Another name for a haloalkane

Answer 22

Halogenoalkane

Question 23

What’s a haloalkane

E.g

Answer 23

Carbon bonded to halogen

E.g chloromethane (CH3Cl)

Question 24

How do you spot an alcohol

E.g

Answer 24

-OH

Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)

Question 25

How do you spot an aldehyde E.g

Answer 25

-CHO E.g Ethanal (CH3CHO)

Question 26

How many carbons does the smallest possible ketone have

Answer 26

3 carbons

Question 27

How to spot a ketone E.g

Answer 27

C=O Propanone

Question 28

How to spot a carboxylic acid E.g

Answer 28

COOH CH3COOH ethanoic acid

Question 29

How to spot an ester E.g

Answer 29

COO Methyl ethanoate

Question 30

What does the functional group in a part of organic molecule usually do

Answer 30

The reacting + determines reactions

Question 31

What's the difference between empirical formula and molecular formula

Answer 31

Empirical formula = simplest ratio of atoms | Molecular formula = actual number of atoms

Question 32

What's the difference between displayed formula and structural formula

Answer 32

Displayed formula - shows every atom and bond Structural formula - shows arrangement of atoms, without showing all bonds (abbreviation)- no linkages , straight line

Question 33

What's an alkyl group

Answer 33

A hydrocarbon branch off a main carbon chain

Question 34

First 4 alkyl groups

Answer 34

1 - methyl 2- ethyl 3 - propyl 4 - butyl

Question 35

6 iupac rules

Answer 35

Find longest hydrocarbon chain (parent alkane) Identify functional groups + alkyl groups present Assign numbers (small as possible and put in front of parent alkane) Use di,tri,tetra to show how many attached groups there are Place names alphabetically if more than 1 alkyl group If carboxylic acid (COOH) or aldehyde(CHO) are present this is carbon 1

Question 36

5 different types of formulas

Answer 36

``` Empirical formula Molecular formula Displayed formula Structural formula Skeletal formula ```

Question 37

3 examples of skeletal formulas

Answer 37

Acetone Aspirin Caffeine

Question 38

Why do chemists use skeletal formula

Answer 38

As it's faster and more convenient especially if the molecule is large

Question 39

5 skeletal formula construction rules

Answer 39

Carbon atoms are never shown Hydrogen atoms only shown when attached to heteroatoms (O,S,N) Carbon is represented by point of an angle/endpoint of a line Bonds between carbon atoms are represented by a line Number of hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom can be deduced by remembering each carbon atom must have 4 bonds

Question 40

How many bonds must each carbon atom have

Answer 40

4