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OCR A Biology > 4.1.1 communicable diseases and the immune system > Flashcards

4.1.1 communicable diseases and the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what is a pathogen

A

an organism that causes disease by taking nutrition from another organism or causing it harm

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2
Q

what does parasitic mean

A

organisms that live in or on a host and take their nutrition

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3
Q

what is fungi

A

eukaryotic
non-pathogenic
parasitic
release spores and multiply via budding
grow under skin

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4
Q

what is a virus

A

akaryotic (non-living)
uses cell’s nucleus to multiply

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5
Q

what is a protoctista

A

eukaryotic
non-pathogenic
parasitic
require a host
release toxic waste

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6
Q

what is bacteria

A

prokaryotic
non-pathogenic
multiply by binary fission
release toxic waste

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7
Q

what is tuberculosis

A

bacteria
kills cells and tissues and affects respiratory system

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8
Q

what is HIV/AIDs

A

virus
attacks immune system

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9
Q

what is influenza

A

virus
attacks respiratory system and causes muscle pain/headaches

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10
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus

A

virus
discoloured leaves

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11
Q

what is blight

A

protist
affects leaves and potatoes

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12
Q

what is black sigatoka

A

fungus
leaf spots on banana plants that reduce yield

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13
Q

what is ringworm

A

fungus
growth in skin causes rash

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14
Q

what is athlete’s foot

A

fungus
growth under skin in feet

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15
Q

what is ring rot

A

bacteria
ring of decay in vascular tissue

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16
Q

what is malaria

A

protist
parasite in blood causes fever then death

17
Q

what is bacterial meningitis

A

bacteria
infection of meninges (membranes around brain and spinal cord)

18
Q

what is direct transmission

A

when communicable diseases are passed along by direct contact

19
Q

what are examples of direct transmission

A

direct physical contact
faecal-oral transmission
droplet infection
spore transmission

20
Q

what are the passive physical plant defences

A

cellulose cell wall
lignin thickening of cell walls
waxy cuticles
bark
stomatal closure

21
Q

what is a callose

A

polysaccharide deposited in the sieve tubes to restrict entry of pathogens

22
Q

what is a tylose

A

a swelling that fills xylem vessels that stops passage of water

23
Q

what necrosis

A

cells are killed to prevent the spread of infection

24
Q

what is a canker

A

produced by death of cambium creating a sunken lesion

25
Q

what are the chemical plant defences

A

terpenoids
alkaloids
tannins
pheromones
hydrolytic enzymes
defensins

26
Q

what does non-specific mean

A

fast acting
same for any infection
provides a general defense against most threats

27
Q

what are the primary physical barriers

A

skin
mucous membranes
stomach acid
lysozymes
sebum
expulsive reflexes

28
Q

how does skin act as a barrier

A

epidermis contains keratinocytes so when cells dry out the cytoplasm becomes keratin

29
Q

how do mucous membranes act as a barrier

A

contain ciliated epithelium

30
Q

how does stomach acid act as a barrier

A

acidic conditions and digestive enzymes break down pathogens

31
Q

what do lysozymes do

A

break down bacteria

32
Q

what is a neutrophil

A

made in bone marrow
multi-lobed nuclei
in blood and tissue fluid short-term

33
Q

what is a macrophage

A

made in bone marrow
larger than neutrophils
in body organs or lymph nodes
travel in blood as monocytes

34
Q

what is the inflammatory response

A

mast cells detect damage and release histamines so blood flow to area increases
histamines cause capillaries to leak so phagocytes and clotting factors are released into wound
phagocytes engulf bacteria and cellular debris
platelets move out of capillary to seal wound

35
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

pathogen detected by phagocyte
pseudopodia engulf pathogen
phagosome carries pathogen into cell
lysosomes fuse with phagosome to make phagolysosome
hydrolytic enzymes break pathogen down
debris released via exocytosis

OCR A Biology (10 decks)

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