4.1.2 biodiversity

Question 1

species diversity

Answer 1

number of different individuals within each species in a community

Question 2

genetic diversity

Answer 2

variety of genes amongst all individuals in a population of one species

Question 3

habitat diversity

Answer 3

range of different habitats

Question 4

species richness

Answer 4

number of different species in a particular area at a particular time

Question 5

species evenness

Answer 5

relative abundance of each different species within the community

Question 6

polymorphic gene

Answer 6

more than one allele

Question 7

how is genetic diversity investigated

Answer 7

examining polymorphic genes within isolated populations

Question 8

what is the formula for calculating genetic diversity

Answer 8

proportion of polymorphic gene loci = number of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci

higher the proportion of polymorphic genes, larger the genetic diversity in population

Question 9

what is the simpson’s index of biodiversity

Answer 9

way to look at biodiversity in different habitats

Question 10

explain the simpsons index formula

Answer 10

N = total number of organisms of all species
n = total number of organisms of specific species
D = simpson’s diversity index

D = 1 - (sum of(n/N)^2)

Question 11

what are the meanings of simpsons index results

Answer 11

calculated value always between 0 and 1
values closer to 0 have lower biodiversity, closer to 1 have higher biodiversity

Question 12

opportunistic sampling

Answer 12

sampling organisms conveniently available - biased

Question 13

stratified sampling

Answer 13

populations/habitats separated into groups to sample from
then take random samples from each group

Question 14

systematic sampling

Answer 14

identifies different areas within habitat to sample from
often uses a belt transect to look at distributions of species within the habitat

Question 15

quadrats

Answer 15

used to sample plants and slow-moving organisms

Question 16

point quadrat

Answer 16

horizontal bar with holes along it at intervals, pins pushed through to touch ground and any species touching pin recorded

Question 17

frame quadrat

Answer 17

square frame of known size, species at various coordinates recorded

Question 18

density in recording data

Answer 18

counting all individuals present within quadrat

Question 19

frequency in recording data

Answer 19

uses gridded frame quadrat with 100 squares
count how many squares out of 100 that species you’re investigating are present in

Question 20

percentage cover

Answer 20

estimate percentage of entire quadrat covered by species
quick and subjective

Question 21

sweeping nets

Answer 21

nets used to capture insects in long grass

Question 22

pooters

Answer 22

used to capture small insects

two tubes connected to closed pot, investigator sucks on one tube and places other tube over insect, draws insect into pot

Question 23

factors affecting biodiversity

Answer 23

human population
agriculture
climate change

Question 24

how does human pop affect biodiversity

Answer 24

increasing at exponential rate
increased need for housing, farming and industry requiring deforestation

Question 25

how does agriculture affect biodiversity

Answer 25

clearing land for agriculture destroys habitats and releases chemical pesticides or fertilisers into land reduces number of habitats and range of food sources

Question 26

how does climate change affect biodiversity

Answer 26

high global temperatures - melting ice caps, habitats destroyed sea level rising leads to flooding of habitats lower rainfall means some species can't survive xerophytes outcompeting others as they can survive in harsher abiotic conditions

Question 27

why is a reduction in biodiversity undesirable

Answer 27

ecological - interdependence is impacted economical - soil erosion and monocultures mean less able to grow crops, tourism impacted, medicines production reduced aesthetic - nature enriches people's lives with creative inspiration and mental health

Question 28

in situ conservation

Answer 28

happens within the habitat genetic diversity maintained as individuals not bred captively preventing extinction of one species positively impacts interdependent species

Question 29

in situ examples

Answer 29

marine conservation zones wildlife reserves

Question 30

ex situ conservation

Answer 30

removing organisms from natural habitat to try and protect them

Question 31

ex situ examples

Answer 31

botanical gardens seed banks captive breeding

Question 32

CITES

Answer 32

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species - started in 1973 - 145 countries - regulates trade of endangered animals, plants and products - requires cooperation of countries, not always successful as it drives prices of banned substances up through illegal trading

Question 33

CBD

Answer 33

Rio Convention on Biological Diversity - started in 1992 - 172 nations agreed that countries must: - come up with strategies for sustainable development - stabilise greenhouse gas emissions and concentrations - prevent destruction of fertile land and reduce effects of drought - share access to scientific knowledge and technology

Question 34

CSS

Answer 34

Countryside Stewardship Scheme - UK - set up to protect and enhance natural environment