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OCR A Biology > 2.1.6 cell division > Flashcards

2.1.6 cell division Flashcards

1
Q

what happens during prophase

A

nuclear membrane disintegrates
spindle fibres form
chromatin becomes visible

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2
Q

what happens during metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along equator

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3
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

chromatids pulled apart by spindle fibres contracting

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4
Q

what happens during telophase

A

nuclear envelope reforms
cleavage furrow forms

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5
Q

what happens during cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm reforms
2 identical somatic diploid cells are produced

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6
Q

what is G0

A

resting stage for damaged cells, apoptosis, specialised cells

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7
Q

what is G1 for

A

cell growth
organelle duplication
protein synthesis

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8
Q

what is S phase for

A

DNA replication

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9
Q

what is G2 for

A

organelle duplication
protein synthesis

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10
Q

what does the G1 checkpoint do

A

checks for cell size
growth factors
organelle duplication
checks for damage

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11
Q

what does the G2 checkpoint do

A

checks for mutations
DNA is checked

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12
Q

what is the checkpoint in mitosis

A

spindle assembly checkpoint

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13
Q

what is interphase

A

G1, S phase and G2

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14
Q

how do you calculate mitotic index

A

cells in mitosis/total number of cells

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15
Q

what types of cells does mitosis produce

A

somatic diploid cells

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16
Q

what types of cells does meiosis produce

A

haploid gametes

17
Q

what is homologous chromosome

A

each pair consists of one maternal and one paternal chromosome
(same gene, different alleles)

18
Q

what is a stem cell

A

an undifferentiated cell that can specialise to make a specialised cell

19
Q

what does totipotent mean

A

can differentiate into all cell types

20
Q

what does pluripotent mean

A

can differentiate into specific cells

21
Q

what does unipotent mean

A

can differentiate into one cell type

22
Q

describe a neutrophil

A

engulfs bacteria by phagocytosis
has lysosomes
has a nucleus that moves
destroys pathogens

23
Q

describe an erythrocyte

A

biconcave disc
no nucleus
haemoglobin to carry oxygen round body

24
Q

describe a muscle cell

A

many mitochondria
lots of protein
contracts and relaxes

25
Q

describe a rod cell

A

receptor membranes on one end
full of pigment to help you see

26
Q

describe a goblet cell

A

cup shape to hold mucus

27
Q

describe a nerve cell

A

many dendrites
myelin sheath carries electrical impulses along cell

28
Q

describe a sperm cell

A

acrosome
flagellum
many mitochondria
haploid nucleus (gamete)

29
Q

describe a bone cell

A

contains lots of calcium
provides body with structure

30
Q

describe a root hair cell

A

large surface area
thin walls
many mitochondria
long

31
Q

what are the stages of meiosis in plants

A

anaphase I –> meiosis II

32
Q

what happens during prophase I

A

nuclear envelope disintegrates
chromosomes condense
spindle fibres form
bivalent formation = homologous chromosomes form a bivalent via synapsis
crossing over = non-sister chromatids intertwine and exchange segments which changes mixture of genetic info

33
Q

what happens during metaphase I

A

bivalents line up at equator
centromere attaches chromosomes to spindle
random assortment mixes up genetic info

34
Q

what happens during anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes in each bivalent pulled to each pole by spindle fibres contracting
(centromeres don’t divide)

35
Q

what happens during telophase I

A

nuclear envelopes reform
cytokinesis occurs
brief interphase
chromosomes uncoil

36
Q

what happens during prophase II

A

nuclear envelope disintegrates
chromosomes condense
spindle fibres form
centrioles to opposite poles
(spindle in plants turns 90°)

37
Q

what happens during metaphase II

A

chromosomes are lined up at equator with chromatids randomly assorted

38
Q

what happens during anaphase II

A

chromosomes pulled apart

39
Q

what happens during telophase II

A

two cells divide to make 4 genetically different haploid gametes (recombinants)
(a terrad in plants)

OCR A Biology (10 decks)

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