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Immunology > Overview of Pathogens and Immunity > Flashcards

Overview of Pathogens and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

True or false? both innate and adaptive immunity can discriminate self from non-self

A

true

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2
Q

True or false? Adaptive immunity is improved by vaccination

A

true

note: exposure leads to memory response the next time

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3
Q

Humoral immunity is most effective against ____ pathogens

A

extracellular

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4
Q

What are the three most important components of humoral immunity?

A

antibodies: highly specific
complement: series of serum proteins that lyse bacteria

C-reactive protein: general marker for inflammation/infection

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5
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is responsible for elimination of what?

A

intracellular and extracellular pathogens, tumors, and damaged host cells

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6
Q

The most important cells that mediate CMI are?

A

granulocytes, phagocytes, and cytotoxic cells

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7
Q

These cells which mediate CMI, use enzymes and ROS to kill their targets

A

granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

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8
Q

These cells which mediate CMI, engulf pathogens and kill them using enzymes and ROS

A

phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils)

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9
Q

These cells which mediate CMI, use enzymes to kill targets and cell surface receptors to induce target cell apoptosis

A

cytotoxic cells (NK cells, Cytotoxic T cells)

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10
Q

Antibody, complement component C3b and CRP are opsonins. What are opsonins?

A

substances that coat bacteria and other particulate antigens to aid their recognition and ingestion by phagocytes

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11
Q

Many bacteria have ____ that protect them from phagocytosis

A

capsules

note: opsonin coat removes protection of capsule against phagocytosis

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12
Q

The simplest pathogen is the ____, an infectious glycoprotein that lacks nucleic acid, and which causes degeneration of the CNS

A

prion

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13
Q

This infectious agent does not stimulate an immune response in the human host

A

prion

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14
Q

this infectious agent obligates intracellular microorganisms with DNA or RNA genomes

A

virus

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15
Q

This infectious agent is single-celled, eukaryotic; there are intracellular and extraceullar species

A

protozoan

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16
Q

This infectious agent is multicellular nematodes (round worms), trematodes (flukes), and cestodes (tapeworms)

A

helminth

17
Q

This infectious agent is single-celled yeasts and multicellular filamentous molds; there are intracellular and extracellular species

A

fungi

18
Q

Intracellular infections are best eliminated by?

A

IFN alpha and beta (made by infected cells)
NK cells
Cytotoxic T cells

19
Q

Extracellular infections are best eliminated by?

A

Phagocytes
Antibodies of IgG, IgM, and IgA
Complement
C-reactive protein

20
Q

Helminth Infections are best eliminated by?

A

IgE

Eosinophils

21
Q

T cell deficiencies enhance susceptibility to what types of infections?

A

viral and fungal infections; cancer

22
Q

People with antibody, complement, or neutrophil deficiencies suffer from repeated _____ infections such as otitis media, sinusitis, and bacteria pneumonia

A

bacterial

23
Q

Patients rendered neutropenic by chemotherapy are highly susceptible to ___ infections

A

fungal

24
Q

A WBC count of ____-_____ is a typical normal range for adults

A

4500-11,000/mcL

25
Q

A higher than normal WBC is called leukocytosis. This can indicate what?

A

infection, inflammatory disease, leukemia, tissue trauma

26
Q

Leukopenia is lower than normal absolute WBC. It usually indicates a bone marrow failure due to what?

A

infections, radiation exposure, chemotherapeutic drug use

27
Q

This is a leukocytosis in which the increase in white blood cells is chiefly in lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and NK cells)

A

lymphocytosis

28
Q

Lymphocytosis usually indicates what type of infection?

A

active viral infection or certain chronic intracellular bacterial infections (e.g. tuberculosis or brucellosis)

29
Q

Neutrophilia is a leukocytosis in which the increase in white blood cells is chiefly in neutrophils. This usually indicates what type of infection?

A

acute bacterial

30
Q

Neutrophilic may be due to increased bands/stabs (immature neutrophils); this is called a “____ ____”

A

left shift

31
Q

Eosinophilia is a leukocytosis in which the increase in white blood cells is chiefly in eosinophils. This usually indicates what type of infection?

A

worm infection or allergy

32
Q 
A normal differential WBC will contain the following cell percentages:
mature neutrophils
immature neutrophils (bands/stabs)
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
A 
mature neutrophils: 54% - 62%
immature neutrophils (bands/stabs): 3% - 5%
lymphocytes: 25% - 33%
monocytes: 3% - 7%
eosinophils: 1% - 3%
basophils: 0% - 0.75%

Immunology (12 decks)

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