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Immunology > The Immune Response to Infectious Agents > Flashcards

The Immune Response to Infectious Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral immunity is more important than cell-mediated immunity in controlling viral infections

A

false; cell-mediated is more important

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2
Q

Deficiencies in these immune cells lead to chronic or recurrent viral infections

A

T cells; NK cells

note: persons with antibody deficiencies seldom suffer from more frequent viral infections than persons with normal immune systems

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3
Q

In regards to innate immunity to viruses, what is the first line of defense against viruses and produced by infected cell within minutes of infection

A

IFN alpha and IFN beta

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4
Q

Synthesis of IFN alpha and beta is induced by ____ of other microbial nucleic acids

A

dsRNA

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5
Q

How does IFN alpha and beta protect neighboring cells from infection?

A
  1. inhibits protein translation - by blocking elongation tf’s
  2. destroys viral mRNA - oligoadenylate syntheses activates endonuclease
  3. up-regulates class I MHC expression making it easier for Tc cells to “see” infected cells
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6
Q

In regards to innate immunity to viruses, these cells kill virus-infected and neoplastic cells that have down-regulated class I MHC expression

A

NK cells

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7
Q

NK cells use ___ ____ receptors to survey the surface of host cells for MHC molecules

A

killer inhibitory

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8
Q

If no or too few class I MHC molecules are found by the KIR, the infected cell is ____ by the NK cell

A

killed

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9
Q

NK cells participate in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. They have ____ that binds to IgG Fc region coating the target cell and use perforin, granzymes, and FasL to kill targets by ____

A

CD16; apoptosis

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10
Q

Like TH1 cells and Tc cells, NK cells produce ____, which is a weak anti-viral, up-regulates Class 1 and Class II MHC expression, and activates macrophages, Tc cells, and other NK cells

A

IFN gamma

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11
Q

In regards to the adaptive immunity to viruses, phagocytes engulf virions and process the viral proteins and present them to TH cells. TH cells become activate through which receptor-ligand pairings

A

TCR - antigen
CD4 - class II MHC
CD40L - CD40
CD28 - B7

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12
Q

Activated TH1 cells produce ____ and ___ which will act on NK cells and Tc cells to enhance their cytotoxicity for virus-infected cells

A

IL-2; IFN gamma

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13
Q

IFN gamma will also stimulate B cells to secrete opsonizing classes of antibodies which facilitate removal of free visions by phagocytes that have ____ receptors

A

Fc gamma

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14
Q

In regards to adaptive immunity to viruses, Tc cells are activated by CD8 - Class I MHC interactions. How are Tc cells further activated?

A

IFN gamma and IL-2

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15
Q

Antibodies are most effective against ____ bacteria; CMI is most effective against ____ bacteria

A

extracellular; intracellular

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16
Q

Otitis media would be a sign of what kind of deficiency?

A

antibody deficiency

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17
Q

A deficiency in phagocytes would present as what?

A

skin infections, oral lesions, abscesses of organs, staph aureus

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18
Q

Keratinized tissue, mucous, cilia, coughing, sneezing, urination, pH extremes, FAs, digestive enzymes, lysozymes are all examples of what part of innate immunity against bacteria?

A

physical and chemical barriers

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19
Q

Prolonged antibiotic usage can lead to what?

A

C. Diff

20
Q

In regards to the adaptive immune response to bacteria, B-1 cells secrete ___ to T-independent antigens (encapsulated bacteria)

A

IgM

21
Q

In regards to the adaptive immune response to bacteria, antibodies limit bacterial motility by binding to ____ and limit bacterial attachment to host cells by binding to ___ and ____ molecules

A

flagellae; fimbriae; adhesion

22
Q

Fungal disease can result from either what two things?

A

lack of recognition of fungi; overactivation of inflammatory response

23
Q

Fungal disease is the most severe in hosts immunocompromised by what?

A

long-term corticosteroid use, leukemia or lymphoma, cancer chemo, immunosupression following transplant surgery

24
Q

Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages recognize fungi via receptors for _____, _____, and ____

A

mannan, glucan, and chitin

25
Q

In regards to the adaptive response to bacteria, what cells activate macrophages for protective CMI? What cells activate neutrophils?

A

TH1 cells; TH17 cells

26
Q

Pneumocytisis Jiroveci is ___ defining illness

A

AIDS

note: due to T cell deficiency

27
Q

Extracellular protozoa are eliminated by antibody-mediated mechanisms. Antibodies opsonize protozoa for ____ or ADCC by ___ cells

A

phagocytosis; NK

28
Q

GI infection by ____ ____ is common in people with antibody deficiencies (Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia)

A

Giardia lambila

29
Q

Intracellular protozoa are eliminated by cell-mediated immunity by TH1-derived cytokines. ____ activates macrophages to kill ingested protozoa. ____ activates Tc cells for elimination of infected host cells.

A

IFN gamma; IL-2

30
Q

____ and ____ induce IgE synthesis by B cells. ____ activates eosinophils

A

IL-4; IL-13; IL-5

31
Q

Mast cells produce histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis composed of what?

A

leukotrienes B4, C4 and E4

32
Q

Eosinophils produce what substances that are toxic to the worm?

A

major basic protein; eosinophil peroxidase, cationic protein, and neurotoxin

33
Q

Mast cells and basophils attract eosinophil via ___ ___ factor

A

eosinophil chemotactic

34
Q

Neutrophils undergo frustrated phagocytosis. Why?

A

because worm is too large to be ingested

35
Q

In regards to evasion of the immune response by infectious agents, bacterial capsules are antiphagocytic. What are the capsules neutralized by?

A

antibody

36
Q

In regards to evasion of the immune response by infectious agents, ____ ____ allows the microbe to dodge the immune system by changing the antigens displayed on the microbe surface

A

antigenic variation

37
Q

In regards to the Influenza virus, this is caused by point mutations in the viral genome which result in minor antigenic changes to the viral hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase molecules over time

A

antigenic drift

38
Q

In regards to the Influenza virus, this is a major, abrupt change in the hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase molecules that results in reassortment of the segmented influenza genome when more than one viral subtype infect the same host cell

A

antigenic shift

39
Q

The result of antigenic drift and shift is that one influenza infection does not confer what?

A

protection against a subsequent infection

40
Q

In regards to evasion of the immune response by infectious agents, Strep pneumoniae has how many serotypes?

A

90; infection with one serotype does not confer protection against another

41
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Histoplasma Capsulatum, and Toxoplasma gone survive how?

A

intracellularly in phagocytes

42
Q

EBV encodes a protein similar to ____ that interferes with TH1 maturation and function

A

IL-10

43
Q

HIV kills ____ T cells

A

CD4+

44
Q

_____ _____ produces IgA proteases that destroy this immunoglobulin at mucosal surfaces

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

45
Q

Protein ___ from staph and protein ___ from strep block IgG Fc-mediated effector functions

A

A; G

note: these proteins bind to the Fc fragment of IgG so that it cannot fix complement, interact with the Fc gamma receptors on phagocytes (they interfere with opsonization), or facilitate ADCC

Immunology (12 decks)

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