4.1.4 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
what are the four definitions of abnormality
A
statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately, deviation from ideal mental health
2
Q
what is statistical infrequency
A
any relatively usual behaviour or characteristic is normal, anything else is abnormal - such as an iq being under 70 or higher than 130
3
Q
define deviation from social norms
A
behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or society, norms are specific to the culture we live in
4
Q
define failure to function adequately
A
when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of day to day living such as maintaining basic hygiene
5
Q
what did rosenhan and seligman propose
A
signs to determine when someone is not functioning adequately:
• no longer conforms to standard interpersonal rules
• experiences severe personal distress
• behaviour is irrational or dangerous to themselves or others
6
Q
define deviation from ideal mental health
A
when someone doesn’t meet set criteria for good mental health
7
Q
who defined the set criteria for good mental health
A
jahoda
8
Q
what are the criteria for good mental health
A
• no symptoms of distress
• rational thinking and accurate self perception
• self actualisation
• cope with stress
• realistic view of the world
• good self esteem and lack guilt
• independent of others
• successfully work, love and enjoy leisure
9
Q
what is the approach, explanation and treatment of phobias
A
behavioural, two-process model, flooding & SD
10
Q
what is the approach, explanation and treatment of depression
A
cognitive, ellis abc model & becks cognitive theory, CBT
11
Q
what is the approach, explanation and treatment of ocd
A
biological, genetic & neural explanations, drug therapy
12
Q
what is a phobia
A
an intense, persistent and irrational fear of an object, context or activity
13
Q
when is fear considered atypical
A
when people have an extreme reaction to a non threatening or only mildly threatening situation
14
Q
what are the three types of phobia
A
specific phobias, social phobia, agoraphobia
15
Q
what is a specific phobia
A
fears about specific objects or situations, such as spiders, flying or the dark
16
Q
what is a social phobia
A
anxiety relating to social situations, such as public speaking, talking to a group of people or using a public toilet
17
Q
what is agoraphobia
A
a fear of being outside or in a public space
18
Q
what are the three types of phobia characteristics
A
behavioural, emotional, cognitive
19
Q
what are behavioural characteristics of phobias
A
panic : screaming, crying
avoidance : preventing contact
endurance : keep wary eye on stimulus
20
Q
what are the emotional characteristics of phobias
A
anxiety : unpleasant high arousal
fear : immediate unpleasant experience
21
Q
what are the cognitive characteristics of phobias
A
selective attention : struggle to focus
irrational beliefs : resistant to rational argument
cognitive distortions : innacurate perceptions
22
Q
who proposed the two process model
A
mowrer
23
Q
what is the two process model based on and what does it suggest
A
the behavioural approach to phobias, suggests phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning
24
Q
who conducted the study on little albert
A
watson and rayner
25
define the procedure of little albert
a 9 month old baby shown a series of stimulus, only one resulted in a fear response was a loud bang, then presented with a white rat at the same time and as a result displayed fear when he saw the rat
26
what is stimulus generalisation
developing a fear to other similar objects, in little alberts case, also developed a fear to a rabbit, a fur coat and a santa beard
27
why do phobias continue
operant conditioning, if we are scared of something we avoid it and so our fear persists, avoiding the fear has desirable consequences and so we feel rewarded
28
describe systematic desensitisation
behavioural therapy designed to gradually reduce phobic anxiety through the principle of classical conditioning
29
define counterconditioning
a new response (relaxation) to the phobic stimulus is learned
30
what are the three processes of systematic desensitisation
1. construction of anxiety hierarchy
2. relaxation
3. exposure to phobic stimulus
31
define the process: construction of anxiety hierarchy
a list of situations related to the phobic stimulus arranged in order from the least to the most frightening, cartoon picture of small spider — holding a tarantula
32
define the process: relaxation
the client is taught relaxation techniques such as breathing excersises, mental imagery, mediation
alternatively relaxation can be achieved using drugs
33
define the process: exposure to the phobic stimulus
exposed when in relaxed state, starting at the bottom of the hierarchy, gradually move up the hierarchy when the client can stay relaxed in the presence of the lower levels of the phobic stimulus
34
define reciprocal inhibition
impossible to feel afraid and relaxed at the same time, so one emotion prevents the other from
35
who created the anxiety hierarchy of a fear of dogs
newman and adams
36
define flooding
behaviour therapy involving immediate exposure to the phobic stimulus
37
define extinction
learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus
38
what may happen during flooding
the client may experience exhaustion as the body can’t maintain a high level of arousal for a long period of time
39
ao3: outline bounton’s theory
highlights the fact that evolutionary factors could play a role in phobias, especially if the avoidance of a particular stimulus could have increased the chance of survival for our ancestors
40
ao3: outline gilroy’s procedure and findings
followed up 42 people who had SD for arachnophobia in three 45-minute sessions.
at both 3 and 33 months, the SD group were less fearful than a control group treated by relaxation without exposure.
41
ao3: wechsler et al findings
concluded that systematic desensitisation is effective for specific phobias, social phobia and agoraphobia
42
name the categories of depression
major depressive disorder
persistent depressive disorder
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
premenstrual dysregulation disorder
43
what are the three categories of characteristics of depression
behavioural
emotional
cognitive
44
name the behavioural characteristics of depression
activity levels: reduced or increased energy
disruption to sleep and eating behaviour: loss or gain
aggression or self harm
45
name the emotional characteristics of depression
lowered mood: more pronounced, worthless or empty
anger: directed at self or others
lowered self esteem
46
name the cognitive characteristics of depression
poor concentration: including poor decision-making
attending to and dwelling on the negative
absolutist thinking: black and white thinking
47
who created the negative triad
beck
48
what are the three aspects of becks negative triad
negative views of self
negative views of the future
negative views of the world
49
what are the cognitions which lead to a vulnerability of depression
faulty information processing
negative self-schema
50
describe faulty information processing
attend to the negative aspects of a situation and ignore the positives
think in lack and white terms
51
describe a negative self schema
the package of information people have about themselves
when using this schema to interpret the world, if it is negative, all information is interpreted in a negative way
52
who created the abc model in order to treat depression
ellis
53
what does each letter stand for in the abc model
activating event
beliefs
consequence
54
outline three irrational beliefs
must achieve perfection - musterbation
major disaster if things don't go smoothly - i-cant-stand-it-itis
life is always meant to be fair - utopianism
55
how did ellis define irrational thoughts
any thoughts which interfere with us being happy and free from pain
56
ao3: outline grazioli and terry's study and findings
assessed 65 pregnant woman for cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after birth, found that highly vulnerable were more likely to suffer with postnatal depression
57
ao3: outline clark and beck's study and findings
confirmed in a review that cognitive vulnerability more common in depressed people
58
what is the most common psychological treatment for depression
cognitive behavioural therapy
59
briefly explain the cognitive elements of cbt
assessment where client and therapist clarify problems
jointly identify goals and plan to achieve them
identify irrational thoughts which will benefit from challenge
60
briefly explain the behavioural element of cbt
work to change negative and irrational thoughts by putting more effective behaviours in place
61
outline becks cognitive theory in relation to cbt
identify and challenge thoughts related to the negative triad
test the reality of negative thoughts using homework
62
what does cbt stand for
cognitive behavioural therapy
63
describe homework given to cbt patients
gathering evidence and testing validity of irrational beliefs
64
what is cbt homework used for
the therapist uses it in future sessions to prove clients statements incorrect
65
what is ellis's form of therapy called
Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
66
what does the abc model extend to in rebt
d - dispute
e- effect
67
outline the vigorous argument in rebt
empirical argument - dispute whether there is actual evidence to support the negative belief
logical argument - dispute whether the negative thought logically follows the facts
68
what is the goal of behavioural activation
to work with depressed individuals to decresase avoidance and isolation and increase engagement in mode improving activities
69
ao3: outline march et al's findings
found that CBT was as effective as antidepressants in treating depression in a sample of 327 adolescents.
after 36 weeks, 81% of the antidepressant group, 81% of the CBT group and 86% of the combination group had significantly improved
70
ao3: outline rosenzweig's research
argued that it is the relationship between the client and the therapist which is of utmost importance in determining the success of a psychological therapy
71
what are the behavioural characteristics of ocd
compulsions: repetitive behaviour
avoidance: avoiding triggering situations
72
what are emotional characteristics of ocd
anxiety and distress
depression
guilt and disgust
73
what are cognitive characteristics of ocd
obsessive thoughts: recurring and unpleasant
coping strategies: eg praying
insights into excessive anxiety: aware o/c not rational
74
what are the two biological explanations of ocd
genetic
neural
75
what are the two biological explanations of ocd
genetic
neural
76
what did lewis’ research suggest about ocd patients
the genetic vulnerability to developing ocd is inherited
77
what did lewis’ research suggest about ocd patients
the genetic vulnerability to developing ocd is inherited
78
what were the percentages of ocd siblings and parents in lewis’ research
37% had parents w ocd
21% had siblings w ocd
79
describe the diathesis stress model
certain genes make people more likely to develop a disorder but environmental stress is required to trigger a condition
80
what are candidate genes
genes which create vulnerability for ocd
81
what are some candidate genes involved in
the regulation and transmission of serotonin
82
what does it mean to say ocd is polygenic
it caused by a combination of genetic variations which increase vulnerability, rather than by one single gene
83
how many genes did taylor find associated with ocd
230
84
what does it mean to say ocd is aetiologically heterogeneous
the origins of ocd vary between people
one group of genes may cause ocd in one person, but a different group of genes may cause
the disorder in another person
different types of ocd may be the result of
particular genetic variations
85
what is the neural explanation of ocd
genes associated with ocd are likely to affect the levels of key neurotransmitters as well as structures of the brain
86
what is the function of serotonin
regulates mood
87
what is low serotonin associated with
a person has low levels of serotonin then normal transmission of mood-relevant information does not take place so low serotonin levels are therefore associated with ocd and other mental disorders
88
how does ocd affect decision making
ocd is associated with poor decision-making
89
what lobe is associated with ocd
the frontal lobe is responsible for logical thinking and making decisions.
therefore, impairment of the frontal lobe is associated with ocd
90
ao3: what does nestadt et al’s research suggest about genetic explanations of ocd
concordance rates of 68% for mz twins and 31% for dz twins; suggesting that the more genetically-related the individuals are, the more likely they are to develop the disorder
91
ao3: what did soomro et al’s research show about serotonin in ocd
reviewed 17 studies that compared ssri’s to placebos in the treatment of ocd
all of these studies showed significantly better outcomes for ssris than the placebo conditions
92
ao3: what did cromer et al find out about risk factors in ocd
found that over half the ocd clients in their sample had experienced a traumatic event in their past
ocd was also more severe in those with one or more traumas
93
what does drug therapy aim to do
aims to increase or decrease levels of neurotransmitters in the brain to increase or decrease their activity
94
what does drug therapy aim to do
aims to increase or decrease levels of neurotransmitters in the brain to increase or decrease their activity
95
how does drug therapy aim to treat ocd
low levels of serotonin are associated with ocd
drugs to treat ocd work in various ways to increase the level of serotonin in the brain
96
how does drug therapy aim to treat ocd
low levels of serotonin are associated with ocd
drugs to treat ocd work in various ways to increase the level of serotonin in the brain
97
what does ssri stand for
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
98
how is serotonin absorbed/transmitted
serotonin is released by the presynaptic neurons and travels across a synapse
it chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron, and then it is reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron where it is broken down and reused
99
how do ssri’s work to treat ocd
ssri’s increase the levels of serotonin in the synapse by preventing reabsorption in the presynaptic neuron
the increased levels of serotonin in the synapse results in the continued stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron
this compensates for the lack of serotonin that would naturally be found in the individual’s system
100
how do ssri’s work to treat ocd
ssri’s increase the levels of serotonin in the synapse by preventing reabsorption in the presynaptic neuron
the increased levels of serotonin in the synapse results in the continued stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron
this compensates for the lack of serotonin that would naturally be found in the individual’s system
101
what is a typical does of fluoxetine
20mg
102
what is a typical does of fluoxetine
20mg
103
how long does it take for ssri’s to have an impact
it takes 3-4 months of daily use for ssris to have much impact on symptoms
104
how long does it take for ssri’s to have an impact
it takes 3-4 months of daily use for ssris to have much impact on symptoms
105
what are the advantages of using cbt alongside drug therapy
the drugs reduce a person’s emotional symptoms, such as feeling anxious or depressed
this means that people with ocd can engage more effectively with cbt
106
what are the advantages of using cbt alongside drug therapy
the drugs reduce a person’s emotional symptoms, such as feeling anxious or depressed
this means that people with ocd can engage more effectively with cbt
107
what do tricyclics do
acts on various systems, including the serotonin system
108
when are tricyclics used and why
more severe side-effects than ssri’s, so generally only used if a patient has not been responsive to ssri’s
109
when are tricyclics used and why
more severe side-effects than ssri’s, so generally only used if a patient has not been responsive to ssri’s
110
what do snri’s do
increase levels of serotonin and noradrenaline
111
what do snri’s do
increase levels of serotonin and noradrenaline
112
when are snris used
used if the patient is not responsive to ssris
