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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 13 [ EXAM #1 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 13 [ EXAM #1 ] Flashcards

1
Q

function of spinal cord

A

conduction path to and from brain

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2
Q

what are spinal reflexes

A

rapid, automatic response triggered by different stimuli

one or more spinal segments

can occur without brain input

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3
Q

how long and wide is spinal cord

A

~18 inches long and 0.5 wide

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4
Q

what is conus medullaris

A

condensed cord ends L1 -> L2

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5
Q

what are spinal enlargements

what are the two types

A

more gray matter in segments of spinal cord dedicated to limbs

cervical enlargement: nerves to and from upper limbs

lumbar enlargement: nerves to and from lower limbs

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6
Q

where is filum terminale

A

anchored to coccyx

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7
Q

what are three spinal meninges

A

dura mater: outer-most

arachnoid mater

pia mater: inner-most

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8
Q

what is meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia)

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9
Q

functions of meninges

A

protect spinal cord from:

  • shocks, bumps, blows
  • bone contact
  • anchors spinal cord

carries blood supply, nutrients, and O2

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10
Q

space in dura mater and function

A

epidural space

filled with adipose, blood vessels

between dura mater and vertebral canal

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11
Q

what is in cranial end of dura mater

A

occipital bone periosteum

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12
Q

what occurs in lateral end of dura mater

A

fuses with spinal nerve connective tissue

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13
Q

what is arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of meninges

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14
Q

what is in arachnoid mater

A

loose collagen and elastic fibers

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15
Q

function of subarachnoid space

A

circulates CSF

contains motor and sensory components

spinal anesthesia

CSF withdrawal

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16
Q

where is dura mater

A

outermost layer

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17
Q

what forms dura mater

A

dense collagen

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18
Q

where is pia mater

A

inner most

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19
Q

is pia mater durable or delicate

A

delicate

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20
Q

what runs onto of pia mater and where

A

blood vessels in subarachnoid space

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21
Q

function and location of denticulate ligaments

A

prevent lateral movement

from pia to dura mater

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22
Q

function of pia mater

A

anchors spinal cord

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23
Q

marks left and right sides of spinal cord

A

anterior median fissure

posterior median sulcus

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24
Q

what composes white matter

A

myelinated and unmyelinated axons

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25
Q

what composes gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

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26
Q

what are nuclei

A

functional group of neuron cell bodies in spinal cord

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27
Q

describe the four nuclei in the spinal cord in order from posterior to anterior

A

somatic sensory

visceral sensory

visceral motor

somatic motor

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28
Q

is sensory information processed through the ventral or dorsal gray horns?

A

dorsal

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29
Q

is motor information processed through the ventral or dorsal gray horns?

A

ventral

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30
Q

what describes axons crossing from side to side in the gray matter of the spinal cord

A

gray commissure

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31
Q

what are three funiculi / white columns

A

posterior funiculi

anterior funiculi

lateral funiculi

32
Q

what describes axons crossing from side to side in the spinal cord in the white matter of the spinal cord

A

anterior white commissure

33
Q

what are tracts

A

bundles of axons

run up and down columns for communication

34
Q

what carries sensory info up spinal cord to brain

A

ascending sensory tracts

35
Q

what carries motor info down spinal cord from brain

A

descending motor tracts

36
Q

what type of nerves are spinal nerves

A

mixed nerves

afferent sensory and efferent motor

37
Q

how are endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium organized?

A

endoneurium surrounds axons

perineurium surrounds fascicles

epineurium surrounds nerve

38
Q

what are dermatomes

A

area of skin innervated by single spinal nerve

39
Q

significance of dermatomes

A

spinal cord injury: determine loss of skin sensation helps identify damaged nerves

shingles rash: follows dermatome of affected spinal nerve

40
Q

name two proximal branches of spinal nerves

A

dorsal / posterior root

ventral / anterior root

41
Q

name two distal branches of spinal nerves

A

dorsal / posterior ramus

ventral / anterior ramus
rami communicantes = communicating rami

42
Q

what are roots

A

two bundles of axons into and out of spinal cord segment

43
Q

function of dorsal / posterior root

A

sensory info into spinal cord nerves

44
Q

what composes the dorsal / posterior root

A

dorsal root ganglion: sensory neuron cell bodies

dorsal horns: sensory nuclei of interneurons

45
Q

function of ventral / anterior root

A

motor info leaving spinal cord horns

46
Q

function of ventral ramus

A

sensory and motor from/to arms, legs

47
Q

what forms intercostal nerves

A

thoracic branches

48
Q

what forms ventral rami

A

nerve plexuses

49
Q

what sends and receives info from and to the guts and glands

A

rami communicantes

50
Q

what are nerve plexuses

A

networks of nerve fibers

51
Q

what region are motor fibers found

A

T1 -> L2

52
Q

what are reflexes

A

automatic response to specific stimuli with little synaptic delay

53
Q

what is reflex arc

A

pathway followed by nerve impulse that generates reflex

opposes original stimulus

54
Q

five steps of reflex arc

A

sensory receptor

sensory neuron

integrating center

motor neuron

effector

55
Q

first step of reflex arc

A

sensory receptor

responds to stimulus

produces generator/receptor potential

56
Q

second step of reflex arc

A

sensory neuron

axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center

57
Q

third step of reflex arc

A

integrating receptor

region(s) within CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons

58
Q

fourth step of reflex arc

A

motor neuron

axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector

59
Q

fifth step of reflex arc

A

effector

muscle/gland responds to motor nerve impulses

60
Q

all five steps of reflex arc and their descriptions

A

1.) sensory receptor

responds to stimulus

produces generator/receptor potential

2.) sensory neuron

axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center

3.) integrating receptor

region(s) within CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons

4.) motor neuron

axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector

5.) effector

muscle/gland responds to motor nerve impulses

61
Q

how are reflexes classified

A

development

motor response

processing site

neural circuit complexity

62
Q

what are two developmental reflexes

A

innate and acquired

63
Q

what are two motor reflexes

A

somatic and visceral

64
Q

what are two site-of-info-processing reflexes

A

spinal and cranial

65
Q

what are two complexity-of-neural-circuit reflexes

A

monosynaptic and polysynaptic

66
Q

what is monosynaptic reflex

A

direct sensory to motor neuron communication

minimal delay

brief

67
Q

what is polysynaptic reflex

A

interneurons facilitate sensory-motor communication

long delay

68
Q

a reflex that conducts on one side of the spinal cord is called…

A

ipsilateral

69
Q

a reflex that conducts on both sides of the spinal cord is called…

A

contralateral

70
Q

what is stretch reflex

A

monitors and regulates skeletal muscle length

71
Q

stretch reflex operation

A

tendon is stretched

stimulates muscle spindles

72
Q

a flexor reflex is also known as a…

A

withdrawal reflex

73
Q

what is reciprocal inhibition

A

motor neurons controlling extensors inhibited white motor neurons controlling flexors stimulated

74
Q

give an example of crossed extensor reflex

A

straightens opposite legs to support body weight when stepping on a tack

75
Q

what Babinsky sign does an infant have and what does it do

A

positive Babinsky reflex

toes spread

76
Q

what Babinsky sign does an adult have and what does it do

A

negative Babinsky reflex

toes curl

77
Q

reason for positive Babinsky reflex in adult

A

damage to brain or to descending tracts

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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