Chapter 15 [ EXAM #2 ]

Question 1

where does visceral sensory info go

Answer 1

primary reflex centers

brainstem and diencephalon

Question 2

where does somatic sensory info go

Answer 2

primary somatosensory cortex

cerebellum

Question 3

what are two sub-divisions of motor NS

Answer 3

somatic and autonomic

Question 4

what are two sub-divisions of autonomic NS

Answer 4

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 5

difference between general and special senses

Answer 5

general = touch, pressure, temp, pain, proprioception

special = smell, taste, vision, hearing, balance

Question 6

what is transduction

Answer 6

converting stimulus into action potentials sent to CNS

Question 7

what are sensory receptors

Answer 7

specialized cell or dendrites of sensory neuron

Question 8

what percentage of info that moves through ascending tract reaches our consciousness

Answer 8

1 %

Question 9

what is sensor specificity

Answer 9

detection of different stimuli (e.g. chemical vs touch)

Question 10

what is receptive field

Answer 10

area of body monitored by a single receptor cell

Question 11

difference between large and small receptive fields

Answer 11

large = poor ability to localize stimulus

small = finer ability to localize stimulus

Question 12

sensory receptor types

Answer 12

thermoreceptors = temperature

nociceptors = pain

chemoreceptors = chemicals

mechanoreceptors = physical distortion

tactile receptors = touch
baroreceptors = stretch / pressure
proprioceptors = joint position

Question 13

are there more or less pain, temp, and touch receptors in viscera

Answer 13

less pain, tamp, and touch receptors in viscera

Question 14

proprioceptors: more in viscera or somatic NS

Answer 14

none in viscera

only in somatic NS

Question 15

function: chemoreceptors

Answer 15

detect change in chemical concentration

Question 16

location and function: central chemoreceptors

Answer 16

respiratory centers of brain

detects pH and CO2

Question 17

location and function: peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 17

carotid bodies and aortic bodies

detects pH, CO2, and O2 in blood

Question 18

are nociceptors present in the brain?

Answer 18

no

Question 19

are nociceptors present in the meninges?

Answer 19

yes (headache)

Question 20

location: nociceptors

Answer 20

skin, mucous membranes, organs, bones

Question 21

description: nociceptors

Answer 21

free nerve endings with large receptive fields

Question 22

description: type A pain fibers

Answer 22

stabbing sharp localized pain

myelinated

fast and short-lived

Question 23

description: type C pain fibers

Answer 23

dull aching

unmyelinated

slow and long-lived

Question 24

difference: somatic vs. visceral pain

Answer 24

somatic = skin, muscles, joints

visceral = organs

Question 25

what is referred pain

Answer 25

pain felt in a dermatome far from affected organ

e.g. heart attack

Question 26

two NTs that relay pain

Answer 26

substance P

glutamate

Question 27

two Endogenous opiods

Answer 27

endorphins = runner high

enkephalins = birth

Question 28

what is anesthesia

Answer 28

loss of sensation, targets synapses

Question 29

classification of first order sensory neruon

Answer 29

unipolar sensory neuron

Question 30

classification of second order neuron

Answer 30

interneuron

Question 31

classification of third order neruon

Answer 31

interneuron

Question 32

location: first order neuron

Answer 32

DRG or cranial nerve ganglion

Question 33

location: second order neuron

Answer 33

dorsal horn or brain stem

Question 34

location: third order neuron

Answer 34

thalamus

Question 35

function: first order neuron

Answer 35

delivers somatic sensory sensations to CNS

Question 36

function: second order neuron

Answer 36

decussates impulse

Question 37

function: third order neuron

Answer 37

conducts impulse to primary somatosensory cortex

Question 38

what are three somatic sensory pathways

Answer 38

posterior column pathway

spinocerebellar pathway

spinothalamic pathway

Question 39

process: posterior column pathway

Answer 39

[ carries precisely localized sensory info ]

1st order neuron

2nd order neuron

decussates in medulla

synapse onto 3rd order neuron

sort / filter arriving stimuli

synapse to thalamus

sends to primary somatosensory cortex

Question 40

process: spinothalamic pathway

Answer 40

[ impulses for poorly localized sensory info ]

1st order = connects receptor to 2nd order

2nd order = decussation through brain stem

3rd order = synapse to thalamus

Question 41

what is phantom limb pain

Answer 41

sensory neuron bodies remain after amputation

pain is felt in limb that is not there

Question 42

process: spinocerebellar pathway

Answer 42

[ critical for posture, balance, movement ]

proprioception info arrives at cerebellum

1st order = synapse on 2nd order in dorsal gray horn

2nd order = interneuron axons ascend through tacts

synapses on Purkinje cells in cerebellum

Question 43

what type of receptors are in the visceral sensory pathway

Answer 43

interoreceptors

Question 44

how many neurons are needed in the somatic NS

Answer 44

two motor neurons

Question 45

location: upper motor neuron

Answer 45

precentral cortex

Question 46

location: lower motor neuron

Answer 46

brainstem / ventral horn

Question 47

lower motor neuron innervates ___ ____ ____

Answer 47

lower motor neuron innervates one motor unit

Question 48

what is a motor unit

Answer 48

mew to many muscle fibers being controlled by one neuron

Question 49

corticospinal pathway controls…

Answer 49

skeletal muscle

Question 50

medial pathway controls…

Answer 50

gross movement of trunk and proximal limbs

Question 51

lateral pathway controls…

Answer 51

distal limb movement (precise)