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BIO 172 prof. Wells > Chapter 19 [ EXAM #3 ] > Flashcards

Chapter 19 [ EXAM #3 ] Flashcards

1
Q

three functions of blood

A

transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, waste
regulation: body temp, pH, fluid balance
protection: against toxins (WBCs and antibodies) and blood loss (platelets, proteins, clotting)

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2
Q

what is erythropoiesis and what does it require

A

production of erythrocytes (RBCs)

requires amino acids, iron, vitamins

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3
Q

what regulates erythropoiesis and where is it from

A

erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys

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4
Q

function of erythropoietin (EPO)

A

↑ production and maturation of RBCs in red bone marrow

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5
Q

what are proerythroblasts

A

future RBCs

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6
Q

what is reticulocyte count

A

rate of RBCs produced

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7
Q

what stimulates EPO release

A

↓ blood oxygen levels

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8
Q

what is anemia

A

↓ oxygen carrying capacity in blood

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9
Q

what causes anemia

A

↓ number of mature RBCs

problems with iron/hemoglobin

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10
Q

does high altitudes increase or decrease oxygen availability

A

↓ availability of oxygen

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11
Q

what is pneumonia

A

lung respiratory surfaces damaged

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12
Q

what is blood doping

A

↑ number of RBCs in an endurance athlete to ↑ oxygen carrying capacity in blood

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13
Q

what is polycythemia

A

↑ number of RBCs

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14
Q

what is the lifespan and milage of mature RBCs

A

~ 120 days

~ 700 mi

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15
Q

do RBCs grow or divide? yes/no? why?

A

no; no nucleus

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16
Q

how are RBCs broken down

A

macrophages in spleen and liver

phagocytes in red bone marrow

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17
Q

recycled hemoglobin parts are turned into there two things…

A

globin proteins

iron (carried by transferrin in bloodstream to bone marrow)

(can be stored in liver)

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18
Q

what two things is heme converted into

A

biliverdin

bilirubin

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19
Q

[ EXAM ESSAY QUESTION [[EZ]] ]

bilirubin is released into the ______, picked up by the ______, leaves the ______ as a part of ______ into ______

some intestinal bilirubin converted into ______ and eliminated in ______

some intestinal bilirubin converted into ______ and eliminated in ______

A

bilirubin is released into the BLOOD, picked up by the LIVER, leaves the LIVER as a part of BILE into INTESTINES

some intestinal bilirubin converted into STERCOBILINS and eliminated in FECES

some intestinal bilirubin converted into UROBILIN and eliminated in URINE

20
Q

WBC circulation steps [3]

A

1.] migrate out of bloodstream
• margination: roll along endothelium and stick
• diapedesis: squeeze between endothelial cells

  1. ] capable of amoeboid movement
  2. ] positive chemotaxis: attracted to specific chemical stimuli
21
Q

another name for platelets is…

A

thrombocytes

22
Q

another names for thrombocytes is…

A

platelets

23
Q

what is margination

A

WBCs roll along endothelium and stick

24
Q

what is diapedesis

A

WBCs squeeze between endothelial cells

25
Q

function of multi-CSF

A

promotes megakaryocyte formation and growth

26
Q

thrombopoietin is made by the…

A

thrombopoietin is made by the kidneys

27
Q

function of thrombopoietin

A

↑ platelet formation

↑ megakaryocyte production

28
Q

three steps of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm:
• smooth muscle contracts (vasoconstriction)

platelet plug formation:
• injury exposes collagen fibers that platelets adhere to
• platelets release chemicals that make other platelets sticky and stick

coagulation:
• fibrin forms the clot, trapping RBCs and platelets

29
Q

what is hemostasis

A

blood halt, stop bleeding

30
Q

what is the von Willebrand factor

A

bridge between platelets and fibers in hemostasis

31
Q

what is the effect of aspirin in hemostasis

A

reduces risk of heart attack

interferes with aggregation

32
Q

what is a blood clot

A

formed elements trapped in fibrin threads

33
Q

what are clotting factors

A

Ca2+ and 11 different proteins in blood plasma

34
Q

what is the clotting cascade

A

series of enzymatic reactions begins 30 secs post-injury

forms insoluble protein: fibrin

35
Q

describe the extrinsic pathway

A

fast 15s

begins in damaged tissue outside vessel

damages cells release TF III

TF III + Ca2+ and VII form complex

activates factor X

36
Q

describe intrinsic pathway

A

long 3-6m

begins in damaged tissue inside cell

activation of XII (platelets release) by exposure to neg. charged collagen

causes activation of XI and IX

platelets release PF-3 and Ca2+, activating VIII

activates factor X

37
Q

describe the clotting cascade

A

activated by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

active factor X

Ca2+, PF-3 forms prothrombinase (prothrombin activator)

converts prothrombin II to thrombin

thrombin converts fibrinogen I to fibrin

factor XIII cross links fibrin into net-like mesh

38
Q

describe positive feedback control of clotting

A

↑ production of thrombin

activates platelets (reinforces aggregation)

39
Q

what is hemophilia

A

inability to form blood clots

40
Q

what is fibrinolysis

A

dissolves small inappropriate clots

takes about 2 days to remove clots after repair

41
Q

what is plasminogen

A

inactive plasma put into clot during formation

42
Q

what does plasminogen get converted into

A

plasminogen gets converted into plasmin

43
Q

how does plasminogen get converted into plasmin

A

plasminogen gets converted into plasmin by thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator

44
Q

function of plasmin

A

plasmin digests fibrin strands

45
Q

normal clotting depends on this vitamin…

A

normal clotting depends on vitamin K

46
Q

anti-coagulant Coumadin interferes with vitamin…

A

anti-coagulant Coumadin interferes with vitamin K

BIO 172 prof. Wells (23 decks)

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