4.2 Assess The Use Of Individualistic Theories To Influence Policy

Question 1

Psychoanalysis

Answer 1

Psychoanalysis therapy

Question 2

Psychoanalysis therapy

Answer 2

Where patients verbalise their thoughts to access unconscious mind (where suppressed thoughts cause criminal behaviour). This therapy can bring unconscious thoughts to conscious mind to be dealt with. it is a lengthy treatment using hypnosis and free association

Question 3

Evaluate psychoanalysis policies

Answer 3

✓ shelder believes it is equivalent to other psychotherapy and so it supports this view
X time consuming and expensive
X discover painful memories that were forgotten deliberately
X Andrew believes it should be avoided with general offenders

Question 4

Operant Conditioning

Answer 4

Token Economy

Question 5

Token Economy

Answer 5

Applied within prison systems to reward good behaviour and punish bad.
A list of desirable behaviours is created and if the offender behaves in that way they earn a token. The token rewarded can be exchanged for rewards like extra phone calls and visits. Through this selective reinforcement it makes desirable behaviours to occur more often due to the need for a reward from their actions

Question 6

Evaluate operant conditioning theories

Answer 6

✔️prisoners want luxuries and so will behave well for them
✔️useful to use for young offenders with minor offences
❌ not everyone desires the same rewards and so may not behave well
❌not maintainable outside of prison due to lack of authoritative figure in everyday life

Question 7

Eyesneck’s theory

Answer 7

Aversion therapy

Question 8

Aversion therapy

Answer 8

Used typically for sexual offenders as they find it difficult to learn from punishment. Aversive stimulus is given, for example electric shock or a nausea drug. This is repeated until an offender comes to associate deviancy with their arousal and stimulus, aiming to stop thoughts and therefore offending.

Question 9

Evaluate aversion therapy

Answer 9

✓ limits sexual offences by a sex offender after release
X short term solution
X used for gay conversion therapy, therefore an infringe of human rights
X focus on sexual offences and so doesn’t prevent other crimes

Question 10

Cognitive theories

Answer 10

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Question 11

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Answer 11

Used for cognitive behaviours and disorders (depression + anxiety). Solves errors in thinking as offenders have distorted thinking and behaviours and so is used to change those.
Examples: think first programme for repeat offenders, art programme for violent offenders

Question 12

Evaluate cognitive behavioural therapy

Answer 12

✓ those in think first programme are 30% less likely to be reconvicted
✓ art has lower conviction rates
X art, although thinking was improved behaviour wasn’t (limited effectiveness)