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Marine Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In the Southern Hemisphere … Of the total area is ocean

A

80%

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2
Q

Four large basins

A

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, arctic

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3
Q

What is the oldest and deepest

A

Pacific

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4
Q

How long do scientist believe earth originated

A
  1. 5 bill. Years ago Big Bang THEORY
  2. 7 Big Bang
  3. 5 organisms
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5
Q

What is an essential element to sustain life

A

Location relative to sun allows water to stay liquid

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6
Q

Core

A

Innermost layer, solid inner core liquid outer, iron rich magnetism

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7
Q

Mantle

A

Middle layer , semi plastic

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8
Q

Crust

A

Outermost layer , thinnest portion

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9
Q

Oceanic crust

A

Basalt , denser than continental

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10
Q

Continental

A

Granite, construction mainly, less dense than oceanic

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11
Q

Oceanic v. Continental

A 
3.0 density, 2.7 g/cm^3
5 km 20 to 50 km thick
Young old
Dark light 
Iron, magnesium / sodium potassium calcium aluminum
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12
Q

Continental drift was proposed in and by

A

1912 Alfred wegner

Single supercontinent Pangea

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13
Q

When did Pangea break up

A

180 mill. Years ago

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14
Q

Why was it not widely accepted

A

Not explain how

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15
Q

Main features of plate tectonics

A

Covered by crustal plates
Constantly moving spreading in center and sinking at edges being regenerated
Convections currents assist movement
Heat from mantle drives currents

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16
Q

Mid oceanic floor rise from … What are they

A

Ocean floor , submarine volcanic mountains

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17
Q

What is ridge displaced by

A

Faults in earths crust called transform faults

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18
Q

Where is very little sediment located and what does it mean

A

At bottom near mid ocean ridge, not old

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19
Q

Where does sediment get thicker

A

Farther away from ridge, older, sediment has had time to accumulate

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20
Q

At random intervals earth’s magnetic field….. New rock formed from… Record the orientation of earths ….. at the same time … Cools

A

Reverses , magma , magnetic fields, magma

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21
Q

Studies of sea floor records stripes of…. That are ….. To the mid ocean ridges. This is evidence of

A

Alternating magnetization, parallel, continuous formation of new rocks at ridges

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22
Q

As new rocks are formed

A

Olde dis pushed away forming patterns

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23
Q

Chains of islands are found throughout oceans especially in

A

Pacific, island arcs

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24
Q

Island arcs are situated along what? No on which side

A

Deep sea trenches, continental side , other side is sub ducted

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25
Q

Underneath the earth’s crust is a layer of

A

Heated rock driving creation of new ocean floor

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26
Q

Pangea was surrounded by single world ocean

A

Panthalassa

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27
Q

What sea separated Eurasia from Africa

A

Tethys

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28
Q

How long ago were Panthalassa and Tethys in place

A

200 mill.

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29
Q

180 mill. Years ago a rift formed between

A

North America and South America +Africa

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30
Q

What two continents were formed form Pangea

A

Laurasia and Gondwana beginning of mid Atlantic ridge

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31
Q

Split up Gondwana

A

Indian ocean formed

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32
Q

How long ago did rift between soutbamerica and Africa form

A

135 mill. Joined mid ocean ridge in North Atlantic to form one single mid Atlantic ridge

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33
Q

As the Atlantic Ocean grows the Americas are carried farther away from

A

Eurasia and Africa

34
Q

Atlantic Ocean … And Pacific Ocean ….

A

Grows, shrinks

35
Q

Lithogenous sediments

A

Derived from break down of rocks weathering

36
Q

Biogenous sediments

A

Derived from skeletons and shells of marine organisms

37
Q

Biogenous sediments can reveal

A

Info from the past

38
Q

Ocean temp. at time microfossils were formed can be determined by ratio of

A

Magnesium to calcium

Different ratios of oxygen isotopes

39
Q

Margins of continents are boundaries between

A

Continental and oceanic crust

40
Q

Boundaries consist of

A

Continental shelf landward
Slope
Rise seaward

41
Q

Continental shelf makes up … Oceans surface area , biologicallyis the

A

8% richest area of ocean

42
Q

What is the width of the continental shelf, where is shelf break

A

1 km to 750, 120 - 400 m

43
Q

Slope is the … Of the continent , begins at … And continues to…,mint is the …. Part

A

Edge , shelf break deep sea floor , steepest

44
Q

Rise is formed by what

A

Sediments that have been pushed down to continental shelf and slope, underwater river delta

45
Q

Passive margins

A

Geologically inactive , flat wide coastal plains , wide continental shelves , gradually sloping slopes

46
Q

Example of passive margins

A

East coast of us

47
Q

Active margins

A

Intense geological activity , earthquakes volcanoes trenches , steep rocky shorelines, narrow continental shelves , steep continental slopes

48
Q

Example of active margins

A

West coast of us

49
Q

Where were similar fossils founded

A

South America and Africa

50
Q

Rock types were found similar in

A

North America and Europe, Madagascar and India

51
Q

Coal deposits from tropical plants on artcic islands

A

Northern continents once occupied tropical latitudes

52
Q

Alfred Holmes what year

A

1928 circular convection currents of molten material provide ample force to divide and move continents

53
Q

Late 1960’s theory of

A

Plate tectonics .., technology floor was not essentially flat
50000 km long ridges and 11 km deep trenches

54
Q

Detected pattern of

A

Alternating magnetic polarity emanated from ridge tops

55
Q

Volcanic activity and island building occurs most at

A

Trenches

56
Q

Who came up with sea floor spreading

A

Harry Hess and Robert dietz

57
Q

Divergent boundary

A

Mid ocean ridges , two plates move away making break or rift , magma rises up making new crust

58
Q

Convergent boundary

A

Two plates moving toward each other meet , denser subducts , if both made of continental very little subducts
Instead they buckle and form valleys, ridges, high mountains

59
Q

Transform boundary

A

Plates slide along each other in opposite directions

When they get stuck there is a build up of tension , released in earthquake form

60
Q

What are most geologically active

A

Zones along plate boundaries

61
Q

Earthquakes are common among what types of boundaries

A

All boundaries

62
Q

Volcanoes are associated with what type of boundaries

A

Divergent and convergent

63
Q

Well known plate boundaries that encircles Pacific Ocean and has frequent earthquake and volcanoes is called

A

Ring of fire

64
Q

Hot spots

A

Magma burns through as plate is moving

65
Q

What is an example of a hotspot

A

Hawaii

66
Q

Topography is the study of .

A

is the study of Earth’s surface features, for the purposes of this activity, it specifically involves the recording and study of the planet’s relief or terrain above sea level.

67
Q

Bathymetry is

A

study of Earth’s underwater features for the purpose of this activity, it specifically involves the recording and studying of the planet’s water depth below sea level.

68
Q

What changes because of typography and bathymetry

A

Latitude, longitude, elevation, depth

69
Q

Where is mt. Everest

A

Eastern Nepal, border of Tibet, Himalayan mountain range

70
Q

What was mt. Everest named after and what year

A

Sir George Everest British surveyor general of India

1865

71
Q

Lowest ocean depth is called and where is it

A

Challenger deep beneath western Pacific Ocean , Philippine sea in southern end of Marianna’s trench

72
Q

What was challenger deep named after and when

A

British survey ship challenger II which surveyed trench in 1951

73
Q

Other names for Everest

A

Chomolungma -Tibetan
Sagarmatha- Nepalese
Deodungha- local area Nepalese
Shengmu feng- simple Chinese

74
Q

Lowest ocean depths is how far from highest peak

A

6325 km southeast

75
Q

In the northern hemisphere… Total area is ocean

A

61%

76
Q

What two types of structures are found at subduction zones

A

Volcanoes trenches

77
Q

What causes trench to form

A

One plate sinks beneath another

78
Q

Geologic process at mid ocean ridge

A

Volcano and earthquake

79
Q

Black smokers result from

A

Minerals

80
Q

Where can we find island arch along trench

A

Aleutian Islands

Marine Biology (16 decks)

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