4.2.2 Animal tissues, organs and organ systems Flashcards
4.2 Organisation (32 cards)
Give an example of an organ system where organs may work together
The Digestive System (focus), The Nervous System
What is digestion?
It is the conversion of large food molecules into small and soluble substances, through physical means or chemical reactions.
What are points that explain enzymes?
Enzymes are:
- Protein molecules (made up of amino acids)
- Biological Catalysts
- Specific to a substrate
- Reusable
- Affected by temperature and pH
Enzymes are ——— made up on long ———- of —————-. They can —– to produce a specific shape which has an ————- which allows it to —— with its ———- forming an ——————- complex; the shapes are ————————. Products are ———– from the enzyme’s ———-. The enzyme and substrate fit like a ——————–.
Enzymes are proteins made up on long chains of amino acids. They can fold to produce a specific shape which has an active site which allows it to bind with its substrate forming an enzyme-substrate complex; the shapes are complementary. Products are released from the enzyme’s active site. The enzyme and substrate fit like a lock and key.
What are the factors affecting enzyme rate?
Factors are:
- Temperature (works between 40-60, can denature after 60)
- pH (works best at optimum pH)
What are the macronutrients and what are their role, diet, made of and example of them?
Carbohydrates
* ROLES: They provide energy for metabolism, short term energy storage
* DIET: Rice, Potatoes, Bread
* MADE OF: Simple sugars like glucose
* EXAMPLE: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen
Proteins
* works as an enzyme to build and repair cells (used to make cells and tissues)
* meat, fish and pulses
* amino acids
* collagen, haemoglobin
Fats/Lipids
* Used for nervous system and membrane, long term energy storage
* Oil, Butter, Cheese
* molecules of fatty acids and glycerol
* Cholestrol
List the enzymes, what they help break down, what they break down into, where the enzyme is made and where it works in.
Amylase:
* Starch
* Sugars
* Salivary Glands, Pancreas, Small Intestine (denatures in the stomach due to low pH)
* Mouth, Small Intestine
Proteases:
* Proteins
* Amino Acids
* Stomach, Pancreas, Small Intestine (HCl released in stomach creating optimum pH for pepsin)
* Stomach, Small Intestine
Lipases:
* Lipids
* Glycerol and Fatty Acids
* Pancreas, Small Intestine
* Small Intestine
Where is bile produced, where is it stored and how does it work?
- It is produced by the liver
- It is stored in the gall bladder
- Since it is alkaline it can neutralise the HCl produced by the stomach
- It emulsifies the fats to break them into smaller droplets, increasing SA for lipase enzyme to work (alkaline conditions are optimum for lipases)
True or False: Bile is an enzyme
FALSE!
How does blood travel through the heart?
- BODY
- Vena Cava (vein)
- Right Atrium
- A-V valves
- Right Ventricle
- Semi-Lunar Valves
- Pulmonary Artery
- LUNGS
- Pulmonary Vein
- Left Atrium
- A-V valves
- Left Ventricle
- Semi-Lunar Valve
- Aorta
- BODY
What is in the lungs?
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Alveoli
- Capillary Network surrounding Alveoli
How is the natural resting heart rate controlled?
It is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as the pacemaker.
What can be used if the natural pacemaker fails?
An artificial pacemaker (which is an electrical device) can correct irregularities in heart rate.
Explain the role of the vein and artery?
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the organs in your body, while veins carry deoxygenated blood from the organs to the heart.
Arteries have a small lumen and thick walls/muscle while veins have large lumen and thin walls/muscle
Describe the structure of the vein, artery and capillary.
Arteries & Veins:
* Outer Wall
* Muscle Tissue
* Endothelial Cells
* Elastic Tissue
Capillaries:
* Endothelial Cells
True or False: Arteries have valves
False. Veins have valves to prevent backflow as Arteries have much thicker muscle.
What does blood consist of?
Blood is made up of:
* Plasma (carries substances in blood)
* Red Blood Cells (carries oxygen)
* White Blood Cells (fights, engulfs & produces antibodies to fight pathogens)
* Platelets (clots wounds to prevent blood loss)
What are coronary arteries?
These are arteries that transport blood to the heart for the heart to pump and work.
What muscle that is found on the chambers of the heart recieve the oxygen and nutrients from the coronary arteries?
The Cardiac Muscles
What would happen if the coronary arteries are blocked?
Blood will not be able to power the heart, meaning blood that would be pumped from the heart would not be able to travel to other organs. This means the arteries would run out of blood to transport while veins would begin clogging the heart.
In coronary heart disease, fat is deposited on the walls. The artery becomes _____________.
narrowed
Blockages of the coronary artery can lead to reduced _________ flow, which can lead to reduced __________. Cells in the cardiac muscles will _____ and this could lead to ________ attack.
blood, oxygen, die, heart
What is a stent and statin used for and how do they work?
A stent is a small mesh tube inserted into narrowed or blocked arteries (usually coronary arteries).
It keeps the artery open, allowing blood to flow normally to the heart.
Statins are drugs used to lower blood cholesterol levels.
They help reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and strokes.
What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?
Communicable diseases are any pathogen that can be spread to another organism through contact or by air.
Non-communicable disease cannot be spread by air, contact or through objects.
