3.1 - Sex Steroids Flashcards

1
Q

Explain how the hypothalamus regulates and produces sex steroids in females

A
  1. Hypothalamus produces GnRH which acts on ant pit.
  2. Ant. pit releases FSH and LH.
  3. FSH acts on germ cells and produces oestrogens
  4. LH acts on germ cells to trigger ovulation
  5. Corpus luteum produces oestrogens and progesterone which inhibit the ant pit.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do steroid hormones function?

A

Enter cell and bind to intracellular receptors that affect gene transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are steroids transported in the blood?

A

Bound to SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) and albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is perscription of steroids inappropriate in liver disease?

A

Because the liver metabolises the steroids and in liver disease metabolism would be impaired.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 types of oral contraceptive pills?

A

COCP (combined) and POP (progesterone only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the COCP work?

A

Suppresses ovulation by inhibiting FSH and LH

Thickens cervial mucous (progesterone)

Thins endometrium (progesterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the adverse effects of the COCP?

A

Increased risk of venous thromboembolism, MI, hypertension, stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the POP work?>

A

thickens mucous at cervix and makes endometrial lining thin so it doesnt support implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does a copper IUD work?

A

Copper is toxic to sperm and kills it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is HRT used for?

A

Limits osteoporosis and prevents symptoms of menopause.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the risks of HRT?

A

Increased risk of ovarian and breast cancer, stroke, and DVT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which type of lipoprotein is responsible for increasing risk of CHD?

A

LDL cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 3 risk factors of CHD

A

cholesterol, hypertension, smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name 4 classes of lipid lowering drugs

A

statins, cholesterol lipase inhibitors, niacin, fibrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do statins work?

A

Work by inhibiting HMG CoA reductase which is used to produce cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some ADRs of statins

A

Nausea, hepatotoxic, rhabdomyolysis

17
Q

How do fibric acid derivatives work?

A

PPAR alpha agonist - increaes production of lipoprotein lipase

Lowers LDL and TGs, raises HDL

18
Q

What are some side effects of fibric acid?

A

GI upset, cholelithiasis (gall stones), myositis (inflammation of muscles)

19
Q

How does niacin work? What does it do? ADRs?

A

Works by inhibiting lipoprotein a synthesis

reduces VLDL and TG and increases HDL

ADR - gall stones, hyperglycaemia, CYP inhibitor

20
Q

What type of drug is ezetimibe? How does it work?

A

It is a cholesterol lipase inhibitor. Works by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption to the liver from the gut, this increases hepatic LDL receptors and results in reduced plasma LDL.

21
Q

Name the Inducers of CYP enzymes

A

PC BRAS

Phenotoin

Carbamazepine

Barbiturates

Rifampicin

Alcohol (chronic)

St Johns Wort