Chapter 3 (Notes) Cell Interior 2

Question 1

do prok internal structures usually differ from euk?

Answer 1

yes

prok not memb bound; have protein/protein-lipid memb

no DNA (like mitochondria/chloroplasts)

Question 2

prok unique internal structures

Answer 2

membrane rich structures for energy generation

microcompartments

external features for motility and attachment

Question 3

microcompartments

Answer 3

inclusions, vesicles, and storage granules

store specific molecules including gas

Question 4

is cytoplasm viscous?

Answer 4

yes, affects diffusion rate

prok ~8nm^2/sec

Question 5

Brownian motion

Answer 5

random, diffusive motion

Question 6

features of photosynthetic bacteria

Answer 6

thylakoid memb

rubisco - fixes CO2

Question 7

thylakoid membrane

Answer 7

where photosynthesis occurs in cyanobacteria

protein bound compartments contain Rubisco (a carboxylase)

Question 8

chlorosome

Answer 8

photosynthesis in green sulfur bacteria occurs here

galactolipid monolayer

Question 9

oxygenic

Answer 9

generating oxygen

Question 10

inclusion body (storage granule)

Answer 10

stores excess compounds when prok are grown in high [ ]

sulfur, phosphate, carbon (in form of glycogen or PHA-polyhydroxyalkanoates)

Question 11

endospore

Answer 11

differentiated cell formed in response to starvation

metabolically inert

Question 12

functions of endospores

Answer 12

for survival

resistant to heat, desiccation, radiation, chemicals, and dyes

Question 13

endospores are for ________, fungal spores are for _______

Answer 13

survival, dispersal

Question 14

Bacillus thuringiensis produces what

Answer 14

a parasporal crystal (Bt-toxin) that is toxic to insects

the gene has been genetically engineered into plants so they dont have to depend on the bacteria

Question 15

endospore forming bacteria are mostly found in the gram-___ phylum ________

Answer 15

gram-pos, Fermicutes

many are pathogenic

Question 16

3 types of miscellaneous structures

Answer 16

protein-bound enterosomes

intracytoplasmic membranes

magnetosomes

Question 17

protein-bound enterosomes

Answer 17

contain enzymes to metabolize compounds found in mammalian intestines

Question 18

intracytoplasmic membranes

Answer 18

where NH4 oxidation occurs

Nitrosococcus oceani

Question 19

magnetosomes

Answer 19

membrane encapsulated compartments filled with crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4)

allow bacteria to orient and migrate along magnetic field lines

motion due to flagella

may work with aerotactic capabilities so cell can locate appropriate oxic environment

Question 20

magnetite (Fe3O4)

Answer 20

a naturally magnetic mineral

Question 21

5 structures for attachment or adhesion

Answer 21

pili/fimbriae

sex pili

nanotubes

stalks

capsules

Question 22

pili/fimbriae

Answer 22

straight filaments of pilin protein

Question 23

sex pili

Answer 23

used in conjugation

Question 24

nanotubes

Answer 24

intercellular connections that pass material from one cell to another

Question 25

stalks

Answer 25

membrane-embedded extensions of cytoplasm

tips secrete adhesion factors called holdfasts

Question 26

capsules

Answer 26

slime layers and glycocalyx made of polysaccharides or polypeptides

Question 27

structure for movement?

Answer 27

flagella - uses ATP

Question 28

4 types of flagella

Answer 28

peritrichous - all over

monotrichous

lophotrichous

amphitrichous

Question 29

flagella structure

Answer 29

anchored to cell by filament, hook, and basal body

basal body has a motor that rotates the filament

made of the highly antigenic protein flagellin

Question 30

do archaeal flagella differ from bacterial?

Answer 30

yes

different attachment to cell envelope

Question 31

chemotaxis

Answer 31

the movement of a bacterium in response to chemical gradients

Question 32

in chemotaxis, alternating…..

Answer 32

runs and tumbles cause a “random walk” that becomes biased toward an attractant or away from a repellant

Question 33

tactic means…

Answer 33

movement

word before tactic describes how they move

Question 34

gliding

Answer 34

movement that doesn’t use flagella

Question 35

how does chemotaxis work

Answer 35

counterclockwise (CCW) rotation moves cell toward an attractant

clockwise (CW) rotation stops forward motion - causes tumbling and a change in direction

CCW toward attractant, CW tumble, random walk, swim toward attractant