Chapter 4 (Notes) Bacterial Growth

Question 1

heterotrophy

Answer 1

organic nutrient

Question 2

autotrophy

Answer 2

CO2 + inorganic energy source

Question 3

microbial growth vs. cell division

Answer 3

microbial growth: populations of cells

cell division: individual cells

Question 4

phototrophy

Answer 4

light absorption

Question 5

lithotrophy

Answer 5

mineral oxidation

Question 6

photoheterotroph

Answer 6

light + organic compounds

Question 7

photoautotroph

Answer 7

light + CO2

use H2O to reduce CO2 - oxygenic photosynthesis

don’t use H2O to reduce CO2 - anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria

Question 8

chemoautotroph

Answer 8

chemicals + CO2

H, S, Fe, N, CO oxidizing bacteria

Question 9

chemoheterotroph

Answer 9

chemicals + organic compounds

O2 final electron acceptor - animals, fungi, bacteria, protozoa

not O2 organic - fermentative

not O2 inorganic - electron transport chain

Question 10

3 types of nutrients

Answer 10

micronutrients (trace)

macronutrients

macroioninc

Question 11

micronutrients

Answer 11

Cu, Co, Mn, Fe, Ni

Question 12

macronutrients

Answer 12

C, N, P, S, O, H

Question 13

macroioninc nutrients

Answer 13

Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Fe

Question 14

3 fueling processes

Answer 14

CO2 fixation

autotrophy

heterotrophy

Question 15

nutrient uptake types

Answer 15

N2 fixation, or assimilation/transport (NO3, NH3)

phosphorus assimilation

H2O

Question 16

fuel/energy

Answer 16

ATP

reducing power (NADH, NADPH)

precursor metabolites (13)

Question 17

building blocks

Answer 17

nt

FA

glycerol

sugars

aa

Question 18

macromolecules

Answer 18

phospholipids

proteins

sterols

DNA/RNA

glycan

Question 19

structures

Answer 19

cell membrane

replisome

DNA genome

ribosome

sacculus (peptidoglycan cell wall)

Question 20

when is a membrane potential generated

Answer 20

when chemical energy is used to pump protons outside the cell

Question 21

proton motive force

Answer 21

H+ gradient plus the charge difference from electrochemical potential

potential energy used to transport nutrients, drive flagellar rotation, and make ATP

Question 22

how is ATP made

Answer 22

F1F0 ATP synthase

Question 23

N2 makes up __% of the Earth’s atmosphere

Answer 23

79%

most organisms can’t use it

Question 24

N2 fixation is done by prok with the enzyme…

Answer 24

nitrogenase

nitrogen-fixing bacteria free living in soil/H2O or symbiotic relationship with plants

Question 25

passive transport includes 2 things

Answer 25

simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

Question 26

simple diffusion transports what…

Answer 26

H2O

O2

CO2

NH2 –> NH4

Question 27

facilitated diffusion

Answer 27

protein channels for glycerol (porin)

aquaporins,

Question 28

active transport requires what 2 things

Answer 28

a transport protein and energy

Question 29

coupled transport - symport/antiport

Answer 29

energy from something moving down concentration gradient powers something moving against gradient

LacY symport: H+/lactose

antiport: Na+/H+

Question 30

ABC transporter

Answer 30

powered by ATP

uptake ABC critical for transporting nutrients

efflux ABC used as multidrug efflux pumps

Question 31

siderophores (chelators) do what type of transport

Answer 31

iron transport

Question 32

group translocation in E. coli

Answer 32

phosphotransferase system (PTS)

moves glucose in?