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Microbiology > Chapter 3 (Book) Part I > Flashcards

Chapter 3 (Book) Part I Flashcards

1
Q

3 domains

A

bacteria

eukaryotes

archaea

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2
Q

bacterial cells are remarkable for their ______ size and ________ growth

A

small, efficient

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3
Q

bacteria coordinate DNA replication through 2 things

A

DNA replisome

cell fission ring

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4
Q

3 overall tasks of cells

A

outcompete others for nutrients

protect itself from toxins/predators

reproduce

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5
Q

bacateria share 3 traits

A

thick, complex outer envelope

compact genome

tightly coordinated cell functions

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6
Q

what does the outer envelope of a bacteria do

A

protection from environmental stress

mediates exchange with the environment

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7
Q

compact genome of bacteria

A

relatively little noncoding DNA

maximize production of cells from limited resources

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8
Q

purpose of tightly coordinated functions

A

may allow for a high reproduction rate

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9
Q

are archaea prokaryotes?

A

yes

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10
Q

what 2 uniquely adapted structures do archaea have that allow them to survive in extreme environments

A

membrane

envelope

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11
Q

do eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membranous organelles?

A

yes

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12
Q

which organelles evolved by endosymbiosis with engulfed bacteria?

A

mitochondria

chloroplasts

both in eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

membrane/envelope layer oder of E. coli from outside to inside

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) –> outer membrane –> cell wall –> periplasm –> inner membrane (cell membrane)

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14
Q

what does the cytoplasm contain and what is it like

A

gel-like network

contains proteins and macromolecules

enclosed by a cell membrane

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15
Q

in Gram-neg bacteria, what is the cell membrane called

A

the “inner membrane” to distinguish it from the additional outer membrane

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16
Q

what is the inner membrane composed on

A

phospholipids

transporter proteins

other molecules

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17
Q

what does the inner membrane do

A

prevent cytoplasmic proteins from escaping

maintain ion/nutrient gradients

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18
Q

where is the cell wall

A

between inner and outer membranes

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19
Q

what is the call wall, what does it do

A

a cage-like structure made of polysaccharides covalently linked by peptidoglycan

forms a single molecule surrounding the cell

limits expansion of cytoplasm to keep the cell membrane intact when water flows in

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20
Q

resulting turgor pressure from the cell wall makes the cell _____

A

rigid

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21
Q

periplasm

A

aqueous layer containing proteins

ex. sugar-binding proteins

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22
Q

what is the outer membrane made of

A

phospholipids and LPS

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23
Q

lipopolysaccharide

A

class of lipid attached to long polysaccharide chains

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24
Q

the LPS layer may be surrounded by a thick ______

A

capsule

slippery mucous layer that inhibits phagocytosis by macrophages

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25
Q

what 2 structures make up the envelope

A

cell wall

outer membrane

26
Q

does the envelope have the cell-surface proteins that allow the bacteria to interact with host organisms?

A

yes

ex. E. coli cell-surface proteins help it colonize human intestinal epithelium

27
Q

flagellum

A

helical protein filament

has a rotary motor that propels the cell to search for a better environment

28
Q

what provides internal attachment points for 1+ chromosomes

A

cell membrane/cell envelope

29
Q

nucleoid

A

a system of looped coils of chromosome

located in cytoplasm

not membrane-bound

30
Q

sequence of turning DNA –> protein

A

DNA from nucleoid transcribed by RNA polymerase to mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

mRNA transcripts bind ribosomes (polyribosomes) to start synthesizing proteins

chaperones (protein complex) helps proteins fold into the right conformation

31
Q

what is a limitation of cell fractionation

A

doesn’t provide info about the processes of an intact cell

32
Q

what is genetic analysis

A

make a mutant strain that doesn’t function right

the phenotype of the mutant gives clues about the function of the altered part

33
Q

4 common chemical components shared by all cells

A

water

essential ions

small organic molecules

macromolecules

34
Q

water is the fundamental _______ of life

A

solvent

35
Q

3 essential ions

A

potassium

magnesium

chloride ions

36
Q

what are small organic molecules

A

lipids and sugars that are in membranes and provide nutrition by catabolism (breakdown)

37
Q

macromolecules

A

nucleic acids and proteins

contain info, catalyze rxns, mediate transport

38
Q

cell composition varies with what 3 things

A

species

growth phase

environmental conditions

39
Q

relative biochemical composition

A

70% water

16% protein

6% RNA

3% phospholipids

40
Q

polyamine

A

organic cation with multiple amine groups

balance neg charge of DNA and stabilize ribosomes during translation

41
Q

protenome

A

proteins expressed by a cell under given conditions

42
Q

2D PAGE

A

separate cell contents by pH

separate cell by size

43
Q

what are examples of the most highly expressed proteins

A

ribosomes

translation factors

outer memb proteins

44
Q

why is high nucleic acid content (8% in E. coli) advantageous for microbes

A

allows the cell to maximize reproduction of its chromosome

minimizing resources for protein-rich cytoplasm

45
Q

peptidoglycan

A

organic polymer of peptide-linked sugars

1% of cell mass

found in bacterial cell wall

46
Q

what does 1% investment of cell mass toward peptidoglycan mean

A

importance of maintaining turgor pressure in dilute environments (cell wall)

otherwise water would enter by osmosis and cause osmotic shock

47
Q

2 functions of cell membrane

A

contain cytoplasm and mediate transport

has proteins with specific functions like enzymes and signal receptors

48
Q

most membrane lipids are __________

A

phospholipids

charged phosphate head on outside of bilayer

hydrophobic tail on inside of bilayer

49
Q

phospholipid structure

A

glycerol with ester links to 2 FA

negative phosphoryl polar head

50
Q

4 functions of membrane proteins

A

structural support

signal reception

secretion of virulence factors and communication signals

ion transport / energy storage

51
Q

structural membrane proteins 3 functions

A

anchor layers of the cell envelope

attach to cytoskeleton

secure flagella

52
Q

secretory membrane proteins

A

complexes export toxins and signals across the envelope

53
Q

transport membrane proteins

A

maintain ion gradients

54
Q

what molecules can passively diffuse

A

O2, CO2, H2O

small uncharged molecules

55
Q

most cells maintain a concentration of total solutes that is higher ______ the cell than _______

A

inside, outside

56
Q

osmosis

A

water moving from purest water (least solutes) to impure areas (most solutes)

57
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure on the cell membrane from the influx of water

can burst/lyse the cell

penicillin does this

58
Q

membrane-permanent weak acids and bases

A

cross the membrane in uncharged form and reduce acid or alkali stress

59
Q

ion gradient

A

can store energy for nutrition or drive transport of other molecules

60
Q

cardiolipin and environmental stress

A

a membrane phosphatidate that increases in bacteria in response to starvation

accumulates in patches and bind stress proteins like transporters for osmoprotectants if the cell is under osmotic stress

61
Q

cholesterol is found in ________ and ________ are found in bacteria

A

eukaryotes, hopanoids

both are still and reinforce the membrane

62
Q

why are archaeal membranes unique

A

no ester bonds, instead have ether bonds which are more stable

have isoprene hydrocarbon chains (terprenoids)

Microbiology (19 decks)

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