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Anatomy & Physiology MB > Module 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Module 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

5 Types of bones

A 
Long
Short
Sesamoid
Flat
Irregular
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2
Q

Long Bones

A

Longer than they are wide

Ex. Femur (thigh), Humerus (upper arm)

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3
Q

Short Bones

A

Cube shaped

Ex. wrist, ankle

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4
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Shaped like a sesame seed
Type of short bone within a tendon
Ex. Patella (kneecap)

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5
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin, flat, curved

Ex. Skull bones, sternum

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6
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Irregular shapes that do not fit into other 4 categories

Ex. Vertebrae, some skull bones, hip bones

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7
Q

Functions of the skeletal system (4)

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral Storage

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8
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation

Takes place in the red marrow of bones

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9
Q

Osseous

A

Bone tissue
Most rigid of connective tissues
Hard matrix of mineral salts (for rigidity) deposited around protein fibres (for elasticity and strength)

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10
Q

Bone cells (3)

A

Osteoblasts
Osterclasts
Osteocytes
*At any time, osteoclasts are removing matrix and osteoblasts are adding to it

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11
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature bone cells
May develop into osteocytes
Responsible for production of new bones
Produce the matrix of the bone

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12
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells
Embedded in the matrix
Help repair damaged bone
Most numerous of the 3 types in adults (bones are no longer growing)

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13
Q

Osteoclasts

A

“demolition” cells
Maintain the density and composition of the bone by removing Ca salts in the surrounding matrix
Essential for bone remodelling and growth
Release stored minerals in the bones tissue into body fluids

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14
Q

If osteoblasts add to matrix faster than osteoclasts remove it,

A

the bones grow thicker and stronger

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15
Q

If osteoclasts remove matrix faster than osteoblasts deposit it,

A

the bones grow thinner and weaker

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16
Q

2 types of bone tissue

A

Compact and spongy (cancellous)

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17
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense, hard tissue
Replaced every 10 years
Found in shafts of long bones and outer surfaces of other bones
Microscopic units of compact bone called Osteon (Haversian system)

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18
Q

Osteon (Haversian System)

A

In compact bone, consists of the following:
Central canal (Haversian canal)
Lamellae (circular rings of matrix)
Lacunae (osteocyte pockets)
Canaliculi (interconnecting channels)
Volkmann’s Canals
Associated blood vessels and nerve tissue

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19
Q

Central canal

A

AKA Haversian Canal

contains blood vessels and nerve cells

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20
Q

Lamellae

A

Form circular rings of matrix; osteocytes are located between these circular rings

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21
Q

Lacunae

A

“little lakes”
Pockets that Osteocytes sit in
Lacunae are found between thin sheets of calcified matrix

22
Q

Canaliculi

A

Interconnecting channels
Responsible for joining the Lacunae with each other
Can also link lacunae to nearby blood vessels

23
Q

Volkmann’s Canals

A

AKA Perforating canals

Connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the central canals and medullary cavity

24
Q

Spongy (cancellous) bone

A 
Less dense than compact bone
Replaced every 3-4 years
Ends of long bones and in the center of other bones
Does not contain osteons
Arranged in trabeculae
25
Q

Trabeculae

A

Spongy bone arranged in planes
Make spongy bones look like swiss cheese
Spaces within the bones formed by trabecular decrease the weight of the bone and provide the spaces where red bone marrow is found

26
Q

Parts of a Long Bone (7)

A 
Diaphysis
Epiphyses
Epiphyseal plate
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
Periosteum
Articular cartilage
27
Q

Diaphysis

A

Long shaft of long bone

Composed mostly of compact bone

28
Q

Epiphyses

A

Enlarged ends of a long bone

Covered by Articular (hyaline) cartilage

29
Q

Epiphyseal Plate (disk)

A

Band of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis (enlarged ends) and the diaphysis (long shaft)

30
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Hollow centre of the diaphysis
Filled with red bone marrow in infants (for production of blood cells)
Filled with yellow bone marrow in adulthood (for fat storage)

31
Q

Endosteum

A

Connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity

32
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough membrane made of fibrous connective tissue
Covers the outside of the bone (except at joint surfaces)
Protects the bones
Point of attachment for muscles
Contains blood vessels that nourish the underlying bone tissues

33
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

“joint cartilage” that is found on the outer surface of an epiphysis
Smooth, shiny surface provides movement in the joints by helping to decrease friction

34
Q

Ossification

A

Bone formation
Begins 6wks after fertilization (embryo is 1/2” long)
Continues to grow through adolescence
Some parts of skeleton do not stop growing until age 25

35
Q

2 ways bones form

A
  • flat, skull bones are formed when osteoblasts replace thin connective tissue membrane with bone tissue
  • All other bones are formed when osteoblasts replace hyaline cartilage with bone tissue
36
Q

Bone growth in Length

A

Takes place is epiphyseal plate
Growth hormone = stimulates growth at plate
Estrogen and testosterone = cause epiphyseal plate to seal and inhibit further growth in length
When growth stops, epiphyseal plate ossifies (hardens) so that only a thin epiphyseal line remains

37
Q

Bone growth in width and thickness

A

Coordinated between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteoblasts in periosteum form compact bone around external bone surface
Osteoclasts in the endosteum break down bone on the internal bone surface around the medullary cavity

38
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

suggests that a bone will grow or remodel in response to stresses, muscle activity, repair of bone fractures, excess body weight, etc.

39
Q

Types of fractures (7)

A 
Complete
Incomplete
Open (aka compound)
Closed (aka simple)
Transverse
Comminuted
Oblique
40
Q

Complete fracture

A

break across entire section of bone

41
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

Break almost extends across entire section of bone

Still has some bone partially joined together (greenstick)

42
Q

Open fracture (Compound)

A

Broken end of the bone protrudes through skin

Can pose skin problems (open pathway provides a site for infection to enter the body)

43
Q

Closed fracture (Simple)

A

Broken bone does not extend through the skin; less chance of bacterial invasion

44
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Bone is broken at right angle to the long axis of the bone

45
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone is crushed into small pieces

46
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Bone is broken on a slant

47
Q

Repair of fracture

A

1) closed reduction or open reduction

2) healing

48
Q

Closed reduction

A

manipulation of a fracture into normal alignment

49
Q

Open reduction

A

Surgery is necessary to bring fractured bone fragments into normal alignment

50
Q

Healing process is slow because (2)

A
  • blood supply to broken part of bone and surrounding damaged tissues has been interrupted (causes reduction in supply of nutrients necessary for cellular metabolism and mitosis of all cells involved in the fracture)
  • Mitosis is a normally slow process for bone cells (naturally)

Anatomy & Physiology MB (19 decks)

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