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From Flashcardlet > PSYCH 102 Chapters 11/12 > Flashcards

PSYCH 102 Chapters 11/12 Flashcards

0
Q

What years are classified as ‘early childhood’?

A

2-6 years

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1
Q

What age range is classified as ‘infancy’?

A

birth-2 years

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2
Q

What years are classified as ‘middle childhood’?

A

6-11 years

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3
Q

What years are classified as ‘adolescence’?

A

11- 18 years

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4
Q

Define Maturation

A
  • refers to changes that occur primarily because of the passage of time
  • in developmental psychology maturation refers to the biologically driven growth and development enabling orderly changes in behavior
    ex. infant bodies (in this order) will lift their heads, then sit up and then learn to crawl
  • experience (nurture) can adjust the timing but maturation (nature) sets the sequence
  • maturation in infancy and early childhood affects the brain and motor skills
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5
Q

What are the 3 prenatal stages?

A
  1. Germinal Stage
  2. Embryonic Stage
  3. Fetal Stage
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6
Q

When does the prenatal Germinal Stage occur?

A

occurs during the 2 week period that begins after conception

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7
Q

Define a Zygote?

A

it is a fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both sperm and an egg

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8
Q

When does the prenatal Embryonic Stage occur?

A

is the period that lasts from the 2nd week until the 8th week

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9
Q

When does the prenatal Fetal Stage occur?

A

this is the period from the 9th week until child birth

-myelination also occurs within this time frame

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10
Q

What is Myelination?

A
  • it is the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron
  • allows for communication between neurons
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11
Q

What occurs during the Germinal Stage?

A
  • after the nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse, the cell divides in 2,4,8,16,100,1000
  • milestone of zygote stage= implantation into uterus and cell begins to differentiate into specialized locations and structures
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12
Q

What occurs during the Embryonic Stage?

A
  • differentiated cells develop organs and bones, heart beat, arms and legs
  • XY produces testosterone
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13
Q

What is a Teratogen?

A
  • are a nurture effect
  • are things that can affect development while you are still pregnant
    ex. drugs/alcohol/viruses
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14
Q

What occurs during the Fetal Period?

A
  • rapid muscular development
  • rapid development in central nervous system
  • brains axons and dendrites develop
  • fetal movement usually appears in 4th month
  • reflexes usually appear in 5th month
  • eyes can open and close by 6th month
  • fetuses can learn to recognize and adapt to sounds that they previously heard only in the womb
  • fetuses ca habituate to annoying sounds, therefore becoming less agitated with repeated exposure
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15
Q

What is the womb?

A

An environment that affects an unborn baby

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16
Q

What is the Placenta and what is its function?

A
  • it is the organ that links the bloodstreams of the mother to the unborn baby that allows the exchange of materials
  • fetuses in the womb can respond to sounds especially if repeated frequently (ex. music or a voice)
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17
Q

Why are humans born with such undeveloped brains?

A
  • need to adapt to a wide range of environments throughout life span ad the brain must be able to develop in order to reach these challenges
  • if it was adult-sized it could not pass through birth canal
  • brain ‘wires’ after birth in response to the environment
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18
Q

What is a Transient Exuberance?

A
  • fivefold increase in dendrites that occurs during the first 2 years–>this is only temporary
  • enables neurons to connect and communicate with eachother
  • pruning occurs
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19
Q

Define Pruning?

A
  • this is where unused neurons and misconnected dendrites die
  • pruned in response to experience
  • more efficient neural communication
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20
Q

What is the fragile X syndrome?

A

occurs when there is a failure to prune

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21
Q

What occurs during Infancy period?

A
  • newborns have big heads
  • have poor eyesight but habituate to visual stimuli
  • sleep a lot and NOT in a pattern
  • can mimic facial expressions within first hours of life
  • must strengthen their muscles and work on motor developments
  • grow 14 inches during the 18-24 months
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22
Q

Define Motor Development?

A

is the emergence of the ability to execute physical action

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23
Q

Define Reflexes?

A

specific pattern of motor response that is triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
-is innate

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24
Q

What is the Cephalocaudal Rule?

A
  • also known as ‘top to bottom rule’
    describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
    -maturation view
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25
Q

What is the Proximodistal Rule?

A
  • also known as ‘inside to outside’
  • describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the centre to the periphery
  • maturation view
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26
Q

What does the Differentiation Principle do?

A

it proceeds from generalized behaviours to more specific ones
-maturation view

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27
Q

What is the integration principle?

A

putting togetherness of all parts

-maturation view

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28
Q

Define Rooting Reflex?

A

is when something touches a newborns cheek and the infant turns towards that side with an open mouth

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29
Q

Define Sucking reflex?

A

this is when sucking can be triggered by the fingertip

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30
Q

When do infants gain self-awareness?

A
  • birth to 4 months infants have NO sense of ‘me’
  • this gradually develops and infants usually see a ‘me’ between 15 months to 2 years
    ex) Red Dot experiment where the show self recognition by putting an infant in front of a mirror with a red dot on their face- if they pointed to their own heads looking for the dot they were aware but often infants turned around or even looked behind the mirror proving this idea of self awareness
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31
Q

Piaget’s theory of Social/ Cognitive Development: what was he interested in?

A
  • interested in the ability to think and understand
  • was concerned with the nature of knowledge-> what is is? how is it developed?
  • he purposed that knowledge develops in the light of children adapting to and responding to their environments
  • believed that as a child experienced the world they develop Shemas
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32
Q

What is a Schemas?

A
  • organized collection on beliefs and feelings about aspects of the world
  • like mental structures for the interpretation and organization of the new information
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33
Q

Define Operations

A
  • logical thought

- rules

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34
Q

What were Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. birth-2 years: Sensorimotor Stage-> infant experieces world through movement ad senses
  2. 2 -6 years: Pre-operational Stage-> acquires motor skills but does not understand conversation of physical properties
  3. 6-11 years: child can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conversation of physical properties
  4. 11 and up years: child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals
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35
Q

What were 2 things that were different about the way Piaget approched his experiments?

A
  1. he asked the children why the though for example there was more liquid in a taller glass rather than a smaller even thought they were actually equal– he wanted to understand the development of their reasoning
  2. He preferred observation during “play time” as this was when children begin to problem solve on their own and understand concepts
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36
Q

What are the 3 things Piaget stated is how mechanisms develop?

A
  1. assimilation
  2. accommodation
  3. equilibration
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37
Q

Define Assimilation

A

process by which infants apple their schemas (actions) to novel situations

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38
Q

Define Accomidation

A

process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

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39
Q

Define Equilibration

A

various stages of coming to understand a concept

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40
Q

Define Egocentrism

A

doesn’t meant they are selfish– just means infant cant understand anyone else’s opinion or prespective.

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41
Q

Who was Harry Harlow?

A
  • he conducted attachment experiments with baby rhesus monkeys
  • within the experiment the question he was observing was:
    1. was food or security more desirable?
    He concluded that the Rhesus monkey only in hunger would leave the comfort of the cloth mother and move to the wired mother that held food.
42
Q

Who was Konrad Lorenz?

A

he discovered imprinting in newly hatched goslings by pretending to be their mother
- although he couldnt feed them the comfort of following and having a mother was enough for the goslings to treat him just as their normal mother

43
Q

Who was John Bowlby?

A
  • he argued that infants innately channel signals to primary caregivers to form attachment
    ex. one of the first signals is crying
  • he believed that babies needed consistency to form bonds
  • ended up evolving his theory as women began to become more involved in the working class
44
Q

Define Attachment

A

emotional bond that forms between newborns and primary caregivers

45
Q

what are the types of attachment styles?

A
  • avoidant
  • ambivalent
  • disorganized: 5-10% of children fit into this category
  • secure
  • insecure: 1/3 of infants are insecure
46
Q

Describe the Strange Situation

A

behavioural test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child’s attachment style
ex. mother is in the room and then leaves– observes child’s response

47
Q

what is the International Working Model of Relationships?

A

set of beliefs about the self, primary caregiver, and the relationship between them

  • is the idea that the attachment you have with your parents will shape your adult relationships
48
Q

What is Piaget’s belief regarding moral development?

A
  • said it develops in relation to other people
  • believed in moral-onesidedness, as a child you follow you parents rules and dont really think for yourself
  • but thought that this ^ could evolve over time as you begin to spend more time with peers where you have to negotiate
  • viewed morality as a practical skill
  • got his observations through naturalistic observation
49
Q

Who was Kohlberg?

A
  • said morality is about how children reason about hypothetical reasonings
  • created Hynes Dilemma (which made children make moral judgments about different situations and he was interested in their reactions)
  • he developed 3 stages of moral development
    1. Pre-conventional Stage
    2. Conventional Stage
    3. Post Conventional Stage
  • also said children move through stages, but adults can also get stuck in these stages –> believed you cant go back through a stage
  • that people will ALWAYS use the same form for reasoning
  • nowadays this ^ theory can be proven wrong as our moral-high ground can change due to our ability to adapt to our environment
50
Q

Define the Pre-conventional Stage?

A
  • childhood

- morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

51
Q

Define Conventional Stage?

A
  • adolescence

- morality of an action is primarily determine by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

52
Q

Define the Post- Conventional Stage

A
  • adulthood

- morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

53
Q

How many chromosomes does each egg and sperm have

A

23

54
Q

X chromosomes come from either the sperm or egg?

A

always the egg

55
Q

Can an egg or sperm carry either X or Y chromosomes?

A

only sperm

56
Q

what is personality?

A

-individuals characteristic style of behaving

-

57
Q

what are some methods of studying personalities?

A
  • interview data
  • personality scales
  • self-reporting
  • reports and ratings by other people
  • behavioural assessment
  • psychological measures
58
Q

what is MMPI-2

A
  • Minnesote mutiphasic personality inventory
  • is a well researched clinical questionnaire use to asses personality and psychological problems
  • 567 questions
  • most widely used in the US
59
Q

what is a projective test?

A
  • subjective
  • thought to reveal inner aspects of personality
    ex) Rorschach Inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
60
Q

what was the Rorschach Inkblot test?

A

would have an individual interpret a set of unconstructed inkblots and then asked to analyze respondents to inner feelings
-this test was similar to Sigmund Freud

61
Q

what is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A
  • used children
  • asked the to make stories up with the hope of revealing underlying motives
  • wanted to see how they interpret the world and situations
62
Q

what is the dynamic un-conscience?

A
  • active system encompassing a life time of hidden memories
  • Freud focused on the sub-conscience self
  • he believed personality was dynamic
63
Q

what are some of the ‘egos’ defence mechanisms ?

A
  • repression

- sublimination

64
Q

what is repression?

A

keep thoughts in your sub conscience

65
Q

what is sublimation?

A

masking forbidden impulses in good ways

66
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Freud said sexually we get fixated at a certain stages and that people can get stuck in these stages

67
Q

what is free association?

A

-when an individual says a bunch of words to see what you make sense of

68
Q

define what a trait is

A
  • it is a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular way that remains consistent
69
Q

Who was Eysenck and what are some of his beliefs?

A
  • he proposed that introverts are chronically over-aroused and that their brains are too electrically active so they seek quite
  • he believed this to be a genetic component
  • he coined the terms: introverted extroverted and instability and stability
  • first personality theorist to suggest a genetic aspect of traits
70
Q

Does ones profile of traits change over the life span?

A

NO
ones distinctive mix of traits do not however people in adulthood do become more conscientious, agreeable, as well as less extraverted and unstable

71
Q

Can we use these traits as a predictor of behaviour?

A

YES

levels of success in work and relationships can be related to traits

72
Q

Are traits learned or genetic?

A

in general genes account for 50% of the variation in most traits

73
Q

introversion - extroversion =

A

Custom Cortical arousal

74
Q

instability - stability=

A

suddenness with which a shift in the autonomic nervous system occurs
-unstable people are quick to anger and have sudden shifts in arousal

75
Q

how many dimensions are there in a single trait?

A

18,000

76
Q

who was Jeffery Gray?

A
  • he proposed 2 brain systems responsible for extraversion and neuroticism
  • BIS and BAS
77
Q

What was Jeffery Gray’s BIS?

A
  • behavioural inhibition system

- predicts response to anxiety relevant cues and sensitivity to pain

78
Q

what is Jeffery Gray’s BAS

A

behavioural activation system

  • based on individual drive to achieve goals
  • dopamine based
79
Q

what is the five factor model?

A
  • conscientiousness
  • agreeable
  • neuroticism
  • openness
  • extraversion
80
Q

what are some problems with the 5 factor model?

A
  • people can be aware and act in a controlling way
  • too broad and therefore lacks power
  • sub traits may not correlate with each other within a trait
  • is good at labeling but not explaining
  • biology gives traits and social experiences develop ways to use them
81
Q

who was Albert Bandura ?

A
  • he believed personality is a result of interaction between self and environment
  • part of the social-cognitive perspective
82
Q

define locus control

A

expectancies about the degree of personal control we have in our lives

83
Q

describe the internal locus of control

A
  • we feel that we are in charge of ourselves and circumstances
  • too much of this however will = blaming of the self for bad events, or have the illusion that we have the power to prevent bad events
84
Q

describe external locus of control

A
  • we picture that a force outside of our ourselves controls our fate
  • too much of this will = lose in initiative and loss in motivation to achieve
  • when this occurs people tend to have more anxiety and dont bother developing will power
85
Q

who was Gorolen Allport?

A
  • one of the first trait theorists
  • believed people could be described in terms of traits
  • saw traits as preexisting dispositions - causes of behaviour
86
Q

define psychoticisim

A

-Eysenck proposed a 3rd factor which refers to the extent to which a person is impulsive or hostile

87
Q

what is the evolutionary perspective?

A

differences in personality reflect alternative adaptations that species have evolved to deal with challenges of survival and reproduction

88
Q

what is the psychodynamic approach

A

regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside awareness

89
Q

what were the 3 things Freud proposed that the mind consisted of?

A
  • ego
  • superego
  • id
90
Q

Define id

A
  • is the part of the mind that contains the drives present at birth
  • source of bodily needs,wants, desires and impulses
  • most basic system
  • lacks patients and wants immediate gratification
91
Q

define superego

A
  • mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learnt through parents
  • opposite of id
  • similar to conscience in regards to right vs. wrong
92
Q

define ego

A
  • the component of personality developed through contact with external world
  • enables us to deal with life’s practical demands
  • mediator between id and superego
93
Q

what occurs at the oral stage according to Freud?

A
  • occurs at 1 1/2 years of life

- when experience centres on the pleasure and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking and being fed

94
Q

what occurs during the anal stage according to Freud ?

A
  • 2 to 3 years

- when experience is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus and toilet training

95
Q

what occurs at the Phallic stage according to Freud?

A
  • 3 to 5 years
  • when experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict and frustration associated with the phallic genital region as well as coping with feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict
96
Q

define opedius conflict

A

is the developmental feelings toward the opposite sex parent which are usually resolved by identifying with the same sex parent

97
Q

what occurs at the Latency Stage according to Freud?

A
  • 5 to 13 years

- where the primary focus is on further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal and athletic skills

98
Q

what occurs at the genital stage according to freud ?

A
  • 13 years and up
  • is the coming together of the mature adult personality
  • and the ability to relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner
99
Q

what is a existential psychologist?

A

focus on the individual as a responsible agent who is free to create and live their own life

100
Q

what is the self-actualizing tendency?

A

is the human motive toward realizing our inner potential

101
Q

who was Abraham Maslow?

A

he was a humanistic theorist who believed that the hierarchy of needs leads to self- actualization

102
Q

what did William believe in with regards to the concepts around ‘me’ and ‘i’

A

where ‘I’ is a perspective on all of experience and ‘me’ was the general concept of a person

103
Q

define implicit egotism

A

biases of laura’s or lawrences choosing a profession that starts with the letter of their first name ex) law

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