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From Flashcardlet > PSYCH 100 Chapter 5/6 > Flashcards

PSYCH 100 Chapter 5/6 Flashcards

0
Q

What comes first brain activity or thinking?

A

-brain activity

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1
Q

define consciousness

A
  • persons subjective experience of the world and mind

- we have a hard time perceiving the consciousness of others

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2
Q

Describe Benjamin Libet’s experiment

A
  • participant was asked to move their finger while watching a dot move around the face of a clock to mark the moment at which the action was consciously willed
  • huge discovery within the timing of conscious will
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3
Q

what are the 4 basic components of consciousness and define each:

A
  1. intentionality- being directed towards an object
  2. Unity- resistance to division (divided attention)
  3. Transience- tendency to change
  4. Selectivity- capacity to include same objects, but not others
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4
Q

define Dichotic Listening

A
  • task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear
  • if you only focus on one ear sometimes people may not even realize if people speaking into your non-focused hearing ear change languages
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5
Q

define Cocktail Party Phenomenon :

A
  • people tune in one message even while they gliter others out nearby
  • even if someone is having a full conversation may hear their name being called from elsewhere although fully involved in the conversation
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6
Q

define what the necker cube is:

A

a cube that has the property of reversible perspective- in thar bring either of its two faces into the front of your mind

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7
Q

define minimal consciousness:

A

-low level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behaviour

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8
Q

define full consciousness:

A

-consciousness in which you know you are able to report your mental state

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9
Q

define self consciousness:

A
  • distinct levels of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object
  • ex) Red Dot test: placed children infront of a mirror with a red dot on their face and if the child pointed to the dot they were self aware
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10
Q

name types of consciousness:

A
  • daydreaming
  • drowsiness
  • dreaming
  • hallucinations
  • orgasm
  • food/oxygen starvation
  • sensory deprivation
  • hypnosis
  • meditation]
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11
Q

define the default network:

A
  • activated when daydreaming
  • fMRI shows that many areas known as the default network are active when given a specific mental task to preform during the scan.
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12
Q

define mental control:

A

attempt to change conscious states of mind

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13
Q

what is the Ironic Processes of Mental Control:

A

mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them

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14
Q

define thought suppression :

A

conscious avoidance of thought

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15
Q

describe what the rebound effect of the thought of suppression:

A

tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following the suppression

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16
Q

define the circandian rhythm :

A
  • effects daily psychological processes
  • states fore a “normal person” your deepest sleep occurs at 2am and that at 9pm is when melatonin is secreted
  • cycle can be changed
  • is our daily biological cycle
  • effects hormones, body temperature and bodily function
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17
Q

describe Seasonal affective disorder:

A
  • SAD
  • controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring
  • treatments may include phototherapy or exposure to fluorescent lights
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18
Q

Is sleep a form of consciousness?

A
  • we move around in bed, but dont fall out
  • we can incorporate real-world noises into our dreams
  • some noises (our own babies cry) wake us up more easily than others
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19
Q

how much sleep should the average person get?

A

8.5 hours

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20
Q

how long do babies approximately sleep for and what stage is 50% of it spent in?

A
  • 17 hours approx

- REM stage

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21
Q

how do we learn about sleep?

A

-by collecting EOG and EEG and through other measurements from research volunteers while they sleep in laboratories

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22
Q

what are the 4 stages of sleep?

A
  1. stage 1
  2. stage 2
  3. stage 3
  4. REM Stage
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23
Q

what occurs within stage 1 of sleep?

A
  • also known as NREM1 or N1
  • heart rate and breathing decrease
  • transition from beta/gamma waves (awake) to alpha waves that travel at 8-13 hz
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24
Q

what occurs within stage 2 of sleep?

A
  • NREM2 or N2
  • considered the first real stage of sleep
  • conscious awareness fades
  • theta waves and sleep spindles and k complexs
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25
Q

what occurs within stage 3 of sleep?

A
  • NREM3 or N3
  • considered the deep sleep
  • delta waves
  • slow rolling waves
  • dreaming is common but not vivid
  • this stage use to be broken into 2 components
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26
Q

in the first half of your night what stage has more time spent within it?

A

delta waves

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27
Q

in the last half of your night what stage is more time spent within?

A

in REM sleep

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28
Q

what occurs within the REM stage of sleep?

A
  • also known as “paradoxical sleep”
  • occurs in 90-120 minute cycles
  • 20-25% of total sleep time
  • breathing is rapid and irregular
  • intermittent side-to-side eye movement (measured by EOG)
  • can be related to memory consolidation
  • low brain activity= alpha/theta like awake state and also beta waves
  • vivid and memorable dreams occur
  • activated by acetylcholine and inhibited by serotonin
  • lack of muscle tone in REM= Antonia
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29
Q

what are 5 characteristics of dreams?

A
  1. intense emotion
  2. illogical thought
  3. meaningful sensation
  4. uncritical acceptance
  5. difficulty remembering things
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30
Q

why do we sleep?

A
  • protective role of human evolution
  • brain restoration
  • repair of damage neurons
  • growth
  • memory consolidation
  • promotes creative problem solving
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31
Q

what are 5 sleep disorders?

A
  1. insomnia
  2. sleep apnea
  3. somnambulism
  4. narcolepsy
  5. night terrors
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32
Q

define phenomenology?

A

how things seem to the conscious person

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33
Q

define mental control

A

-attempt to change conscious states of mind

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34
Q

define the dynamic unconscious:

A

-an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires and person’s inner struggle to control these forces

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35
Q

define what cognitive unconscious is:

A

-all the mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions and behaviour even though they are not experienced by the person

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36
Q

what is subliminal perception

A

-thought or behaviour that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report percieving

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37
Q

what is an altered state of consciousness?

A
  • a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind
  • ex) sleep or dreaming
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38
Q

what is an Electrooculograph?

A
  • EOG

- instrument that measures eye movement

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39
Q

what is insomnia?

A

difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

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40
Q

what is sleep apnea?

A

-a disorder in which the person stops breathing

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41
Q

what is somnambulism?

A

-occurs when a person arises and walks around while asleep

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42
Q

what is narcolepsy?

A

-disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

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43
Q

what is sleep paralysis?

A

-experience of waking up to be unable to move

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44
Q

define what a night terror is?

A

-abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

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45
Q

what is manifest content?

A
  • a dreams apparent topic or superficial meaning
46
Q

what is latent content?

A

a dreams true underlying meaning

47
Q

define the activation-synthesis model?

A

-theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep

48
Q

what is a psychoactive drug?

A

-chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by alternating the brains chemical message system

49
Q

what is a depressant?

A
  • substance that reduces the activity of the CNS

- ex) alcohol

50
Q

what is the expectancy theory?

A

-idea thar alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

51
Q

what was the balanced placebo design?

A

-study designed where behaviour is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus

52
Q

define alcohol myopia

A
  • condition that results when alcohol hampers attention

- causes people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

53
Q

what is a stimulant?

A
  • substance that excite the CNS

- heightens arousal and activity levels

54
Q

define what a narcotic is:

A

-highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain

55
Q

define what a gateway drug is:

A
  • a drug that increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs
56
Q

what is the harm from reduction approach?

A

-a response to high-risk behaviours that focus on reducing the harm of such behaviours on peoples lives

57
Q

what is hypnosis?

A

-social interaction in which a hypnotist makes suggestions that lead to change in another person’s subjective experience of the world

58
Q

describe posthypnotic amnesia:

A

-failure to retrieve memories following suggestions to forget

59
Q

describe hypnotic analgesia

A

-the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis

60
Q

Define memory

A

It’s is the ability to store and retrieve information over time
- is reconstructive and a collaborative process

61
Q

Define encoding

A

It is the process of transforming what we perceive,think, or feel into an enduring memory

62
Q

Define the retrieval process

A

Process of bringing to mind information in memory overtime

63
Q

What is semantic encoding and where is it active in the brain?

A

Process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory
-lower,left frontal lobe

64
Q

Define visual imagery encoding and where is it active in the brain ?

A

Process of storing new information by converting it to mental images
-occipital lobe

65
Q

Define organizational encoding and where is it active within the brain?

A

Process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items
-upper,left frontal lobe

66
Q

Define iconic memory

A

A fast-decaying store of visual information

67
Q

Define echoic memory

A

A fast- decaying store of auditory information

68
Q

Describe short term memory

A

Type of storage that’s holds non sensory information for more than a dew seconds, but less than a minute.

69
Q

Describe the concept of chunking

A

Is combining small pieces of information into longer clusters or chunks that are mor easily held in sort term memory

70
Q

What is your working memory?

A

Is the active maintenance of information in short term storage

71
Q

Define your long term memory

A

-is a type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks or years

72
Q

Define retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery

73
Q

Define anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to transfer new information from the short term memory into the long term storage

74
Q

What is consolidation

A

Process by which memories become stable in The brain

75
Q

Define reconsolidating

A

When memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again

76
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

-(LTP)
-process whereby communication across the synapse between neuron’s strengthens the connection, making further communication easier
-main neural mechanism by which a memory is stored in the brain
-dendrites grow, branch out, certain synapses increase in number during this time
-LTP is a biological mechanism for LTM
-stimulations increases the strength of synaptic responsiveness
-

77
Q

What is the retrieval cue ?

A

External information that I s associated with storing information and helps brings it to Mind

78
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

Idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially created

79
Q

Describe state-dependent retrieval:

A

Tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

80
Q

Define transfer-appropriate processing:

A

Idea that memory is likely to transfer from on situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the stimulations match

81
Q

Define the explicit memory

A

Act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

82
Q

Define implicit memory

A

Influence of past experiences on later behaviour and performance even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

83
Q

What is your procedural memory?

A

Is gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or “knowing how” to do things

84
Q

Describe what priming is

A

Enhanced ability to think of a stimulus such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

85
Q

What is you semantic memory

A

Network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

86
Q

Define our episodic memory

A

Is a collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

87
Q

What is transcience?

A

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

88
Q

Define retroactive interference

A

Situations in which information learned later impairs me org for information acquired earlier

89
Q

Define proactive interference

A

Situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for info recurred later

90
Q

What is the effect of absentmindedness ?

A

Lapse in attentions results in memory loss

91
Q

What is your prospective memory?

A

What enables you to remember to do things in the future

92
Q

Define blocking

A

Failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

93
Q

What is memory misattribution

A

Assigning a recollecting or idea to the wrong source

94
Q

Define false recognition

A

Feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encounter before

95
Q

What is suggestibility?

A

Tendency o incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

96
Q

Define flash bulb memories

A

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
-is not accurate

97
Q

In the video from class how did they implant f,are recognitions?results?

A
  • through the use of photos
  • 30 subjects whom of which were interviewed 3 times in one week about this photo
  • 50% of sample believed they had experience the memory presented in the photo by the end of the week
  • explanation is that our imaginations tend to fill in the gaps– even if memory is vivid it may not be true
98
Q

What are the 7 sins of memory?

A
  • transcience
  • absentmindedness
  • blocking
  • memory misattribution
  • suggestibility
  • bias
  • persistence
99
Q

Define bias as one of the seven sins of memory

A

Distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings or recollection of previous experiences

100
Q

Define persistence as one of the seven sins of memory

A

Intrusive recollection of events we wish to forget

101
Q

Define sensory memory

A
  • briefest form of memory storage
  • entry way for short and long memory
  • 1/2 sec for visual
  • 2 sec for auditory
102
Q

Define short term memory:

A

Holds non-sensory information for 15-20 seconds but less than a minute

  • can hold up to 7 items
  • processes different types of information and supports other cognitive functions like problem solving, planning, and interacts with long term memory
103
Q

Define long term memory

A
  • no capacity limits
  • in a study after 50 years 90% of the subjects stated that they could recognize high school classmates from yearbook photographs
104
Q

What are the 3 types of human memory?

A
  • sensory
  • short term
  • long term
105
Q

What are the two forms of long term memory?

A
  • implicit (unconscious)

- explicit (conscious)

106
Q

What does implicit memory control?

A
  • controls the procedural memory which has to do with skills and tasks
107
Q

What are the two forms of explicit memory?

A
  • episodic (experiences)

- semantic (facts)

108
Q

Define the collaborative memory

A

Is how people share within groups

-sharing memories with others can either strengthen them or produce retrieval induced between them

109
Q

Within the short term memory how does forming memories affect it?

A

Changes in neurons only temporarily Alter the neurons ability to release neurotransmitters that transfer messages between cells

110
Q

How does morning memories affect the long term memory?

A

There is a chemical glue at the synaptic site where that permanently makes it so a set of neurons fire together

111
Q

What is the hiccocampus?

A
  • critical as index for long-term memory storage
  • is responsible for making short term memories into long term ones
  • this is not where they are stored
112
Q

Define what serial position effect is

A

Is where recollection is influenced by the words position in a series of items

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