Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM Virology > Host-Pathogen Interactions > Flashcards

Host-Pathogen Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

Virus which causes diesease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Slow Infection

A

Prolonged incubation period, lasting months or years. Quantities of infectious virus gradually increase during a very long preclinical phase. Slow progressive lethal disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cytokines

A

Broad cateogory of small proteins that are important in cell signaling, act as mediators and regulators of immune processes. Also cause inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Viremia

A

Presence of a virus in the blood. Virus may be free in blood or in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Retrograde Spread

A

Travel opposite direction of nerve impulse flow. Invade axon terminals and then spread to dendrite or cell body and cross synapse to reach next axon terminal

__________________

Running against the wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ulcer

A

Opening in the skin caused by sloughing of necrotic tissue, extending past the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Acute Viremia

A

Viremia following inital virus replication in host. Release of virions from the initail site of replication to the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Systemic Infection

A

Number of organisms or tissues become infected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Infectious Dose 50

A

Dose of virus that will infect 50% of an experimental group of host/animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rash

A

General term applied to any temporary eruption on the skin, usually a shade of red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Incubation period of localized vs systemic infections

A

Localized - Short

Systemic - Long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Avirulent

A

Not virulent - not harmful to the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Effect of viral infection son the hemopoietic system

A

Damage to the endothelium

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Edema

Infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Neural spread of viruse to CNS through olfactory routes

A

Olfactory Epithelium > Olfactory Nerve > Glomerulus > Olfactory Bulb

__________________

Anterograde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pantropic Virus

A

Can replicate in ore than one host organ/tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Outcome of a fetus is infected with BVDV during months 5-9 of gestation

A

Middle - Abortion or Abnormalities

Late - Normal Calves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neurovirulent Virus

A

Viruses that cause disease of nervous tissue, manifest by neurological symptoms and often death

_____________________

How severe the disease is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Petechiae Hemorrhage

A

Pin point, small spots of hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Shedding is critical for what

A

Maintenace of infection

Transmission of viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What may facillitate viruses reaching subepithelial layers

A

Inflammatory response and damaged epithelium

Transcytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Relationship of ID50 and LD50 in accordance to virulence of pathogens.

A

Low ID50 and LD50 = More Virulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ways that viruses spread in the host

A

Epithelial Surfaces

Subepithelial Invasion and Lymphatic Spread

Bloodstream

Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Monokines

A

Cytokines produced by mononuclear phagocytic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lymphokines

A

Cytokines produced by activated lymphocytes (Th cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Types of Viral Infections

A

Inapparent Infections

Acute Infection

Persistant Infection

Latent Infection

Chronic Infection

Slow Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tropism

A

Specificity/ affinity of a virus for a particular host tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Acute Infection

A

Short term infection. Short clinical course, rapid clearance from host immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pattern of shedding in acute infections

A

Usually intensive shedding over short period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Secondary Viremia

A

Virus has replicated in major organs and once more entered the circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of a virus to cause disease in a host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Wart

A

Benign skin growth that appear when a virus infects the top layer of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Effect of viral infections on the CNS

A

Lytic infections of neurons leads to encephalitis or encephalomyelitis characterized by neruonal necorosis, phagocytosis of neurons and perivascular infiltrations of inflammatory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Immunosuppression occurs when

A

Immunodeficiency viruses infect and destroy different,but specific cells of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Inapparent Infection

A

Clinical signs and symptoms not evident, too few cells may be infected. Possible source of virus spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ecchymoses Hemorrhage

A

Large areas of hemorrhage, ill-defined margins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Virulence

A

Quantitative or relative measure of the degree of pathogenicity of the infecting virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Erythema

A

Redding of the skin, consequence of systemic viral infections, endothelial injury in blood vessels throughout the body, including SQ tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Chronic Infection

A

Acute infection followed by chronic infection in which the virus is continuously shed from or is persistant in infected tissue. Established when host immune system is unable to clear virus from acute infection.

39
Q

Immunopathology

A

Tissue injury mediated by host immune response to viral infection

_______________________

Price paid by the host to clear viral infection

40
Q

Viruses get cleared from the bloodstream by

A

Mononuclear phagocytes in the spleen, liver and bone marrow

Antibody Clearance

Complement- mediated clearance

41
Q

Steps of Viral Infection

A

Entry and Primary Replication

Spread, Tropism and Infection of Target Organ

Virus-Cell Interactions and Secondary Replication

Tissue and Organ Injury

Shedding

42
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Manner/mechanism of development of a disease

43
Q

Iceberg Concept of Infection and Disease

A

Possible outcomes following an interaction with a host and virus

_______________________

Exposure with no infection, Subclinical infection, Severe disease, Death, etc

44
Q

Anterograde Spread

A

Travel in direction of nerve impulse flow. Virus invades dendrites or cell bodies and then spread to axon terminals, and then cross synaptic contacts to invade dendrite of next neuron

_________________________

Run with the wind

45
Q

Persistant Infection

A

Infectious virus is demonstratale continuously, whether or not there is ongoing disease. Pathogen is not cleared efficiently by the adaptive immune response

46
Q

Trojan Horse

A

Trafficking monocytes to transport viruses

47
Q

How do viruses spread on epithelial spurfaces

A

Replicate at the site of entry and infect contigous cells

48
Q

Pattern of shedding in persistant infections

A

Shed a low titers for months to years

49
Q

Centripetal Movement of Virus

A

Towards the brain or CNS

50
Q

Lethal Dose 50

A

Dose of the virus required to cause death in 50% of animals

51
Q

ID50 : LD50 Ratio

A

Ratio of the dose of a particular strain of virus that causes infection in 50% animals to the dose that kills 50% of animals

52
Q

Role of T Cells in Immunopathology

A

Can directly destroy virus infected cells or release cytokines that damage cell

Cytotoxic cell mediated lysis of infected host cells

Release of cytokines cause inflammation and tissue damage that cause chronic/persistant virus infections

53
Q

Centrifugal Movement of Virus

A

From CNS within peripheral nerves to other locations in body

54
Q

Defenses of the mucous membranes against viral infections

A

IgA

Virucidal proteins

55
Q

Defenses of the Skin against viral infection

A

Dense Keratin Layer

Low pH

Presence of Fatty Acids

Bacterial Flora

Dryness

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

56
Q

Outcome of a fetus is infected with BVDV during month 1 of gestation

A

Embryo death

57
Q

Primary Viremia

A

Initial entry into the blood after injection

58
Q

Rabies Virus readily infects the PNS and spreads to the CNS with 100% lethality.

Rabies viruses demonstrates (high/low) neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence

A

High Neuroinvasiveness

High Neurovirulence

59
Q

Defenses of the Respiratory Tract against viral infection

A

Mucociliary blanket

Alveolar macrophages

NALT

BALT

Temperature gradient

60
Q

Variables related to the host that affect the virulence of a virus

A

Species

Immunity

Expression of critical receptors

Physiologic factors

Interferons

Fever

61
Q

Interleukins

A

Cytokines that act as mediators between leukocytes

62
Q

Common clinical manifestations of viral infections

A

Rash

Vesicle

Ulcer

Nodule

Wart

Papules

Erythema

63
Q

Neurotropic Virus

A

Virus that can infect neural cells

64
Q

Passive Viremia

A

Direct inoclulation of virus in blood. No initial replication elsewhere in host before

65
Q

Teratogenesis

A

Abnormal development or arrest in development of the embryo or fetus

66
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A
  • Widespread activation of clotting cascade results in formation of blood clots
  • Clots clog the vessels and cut off blood supply to organs (liver, kidney, brain)
  • Lack of blood flow causes damage to organs
  • Clotting proteins are consumed/used up causing severe bleeding from various sites
67
Q

Transcytosis

A

Vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of a cell to the other

68
Q

Secretory IgA is important in (localized/systemic) infections

A

Localized infections

69
Q

Nodule

A

Palpable, solid, elevated mass with distinct borders

70
Q

Variables related to the virust that can affect it’s virulence

A

Virus Strain

Portal of Entry into host

Tropism to host organs

Dose infection

Immuno evasion

71
Q

Mechanism of immunopathology related to toxicity from antibody response

A

Antibody binds to infected cell and activates compliment causing inflammatory reaction

Engagement of IgG with Fc receptors on inflammatory cells cause inflammatory release

Initiation of complement cascade

72
Q

Routes of entry of a virus into a host

A

Skin

GI Tract

Respiratory Tract

73
Q

Vesicle

A

Small distinct elevation with fluid

74
Q

Effect of viral infection on the GI tract

A

Destruction of enterocytes leading to gastrointestinal disease, malabsorption and hypersecretion

75
Q

Latent Infection

A

Infectious virus is not demonstratable except when reactivation occurs. Reactivation is stimulated by immunosuppression and/or by the action of a cytokine or hormone

76
Q

Viremia occurs in (localized/systemic) infections

A

Systemic

77
Q

Effect of viral infection of the embryo or fetus (transplacental infection)

A

Teratogenesis

Cerebellar Hypoplasia

Arthrogryposis

Bovine Viral Diarrhea

78
Q

Secondary bacterial infections (increase/decrease) mortality %

A

Increase, drastically

79
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus always enters the PNS but rarely enters the CNS. When it does, the consequences are almost always severe, if not fatal.

Herpes Simplex virus has (high/low) neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence

A

Low Neuroinvasiveness

High Neurovirulence

80
Q

Defenses of the GI tract against viral infection

A

Mucous membrane

Acidity of stomach

Alkalinity of intestine

Layer of mucous

Lipolytic bile

Proteolytic pancreatic encymes

Defensins

IgA

Scavenging macrophages

81
Q

Duration of immunity of localized vs systemic infections

A

Localized - variable but short

Systemic - mostly lifelong

82
Q

Outcome of a fetus is infected with BVDV during months 2-4 of gestation

A

Persistant Infection Calves (Immunotolerant)

83
Q

Neural spread of viruses to the CNS through Blood Brain Barrier can occur by what methods

A

Increased permeability of endothelial cells through the secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Breakdown of endothelial cell junctions through Maxtrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)

Trojan Horse

84
Q

Viruses interact with macrophages in order to

A

Prolong time in blood or to be passively transferred to adjacent cells

85
Q

Role of the innate immunity in immunopathology

A

Invading viruses and their replicative intermediates are recognized by several innate immune receptors

Activation of receptors cause production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons and recruitment of cells involved in inflammation

Free Radicals produced in abundance cause tissue damage

86
Q

In neural spread of viruses, transport of the virus may occur

A

Within Axons

In Perineural Lymphatics

In the Endoneural Space

Via infected Schwann cells

87
Q

Neuroinvasive Virus

A

Viruses that enter the central nervous system after infection of a peripheral site

________________________

How likely it will get to the CNS

88
Q

Disseminated Infection

A

Infection spread beyond the primary site of infection

89
Q

Virus spread by subepithelial invasion and lymphatics

A

Virus transverses the epithelium and get access to lymphatics, phagocytes and tissue fluids. Targeted migration and replication occurs.

90
Q

Viruses can enter tissues from the bloodstream by

A

Going through fenestrae

Transcytosis

Trojan Horse

Replication in endothelial cells

91
Q

Site of pathology of Localized vs Systemic infections

A

Localized - Portal of entry

Systemic - Distant sites

92
Q

Persistant infections are important because of

A

Recrudescent episodes of disease

Immunopathology

Survival of virus in host and continuous shedding

93
Q

Mumps virus infects the CNS but the neurological disease is mild.

Mumps virus causes (high/low) neuroinvasiveness and neuovirulence

A

High Neuroninvasiveness

Low Neurovirulence

94
Q

Mechanism by which immune-complex formation causes vasculitis

A
  • Spike proteins bind to antibodies
  • Antibodies fail to neutralize the virus
  • Antigen-Antibody immune complex formed
  • Activates the complement cascade

RUSVM Virology (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions