Pharynx

Question 1

Which tonsil is located just under the uvula?

Answer 1

Palatine tonsil

Question 2

Which tonsil is located posterior to the inferior nasal concha and auditory tube?

Answer 2

Pharyngeal tonsil

Question 3

What are the 2 layers of the posterior pharynx (starting luminally) and what’s in-b/w them?

Answer 3

• Buccopharyngeal fascia –> prevertebral fascia

- Retropharyngeal space

Question 4

What layer protects the larynx?

Answer 4

Thyroid cartilage

Question 5

What pierces of the thyrohyoid membrane?

Answer 5

• Internal laryngeal n.

- Superior laryngeal a.

Question 6

What membrane is inferior to the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 6

Cricothyroid membrane

Question 7

Superior constrictor m: OIIA?

Answer 7

Origin: Lower two thirds of medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphe and posterior end of mylohyoid line on mandible
Insertion: Upper midline pharyngeal raphe and pharyngeal tubercle of clivus of occiput

Innervation: CN X
Action: Aids in swallowing

Question 8

Middle constrictor m: OIIA?

Answer 8

Origin: Lower third of stylohyoid ligament, lesser cornu and superior border of greater cornu of hyoid bone
Insertion: Middle portion of pharyngeal raphe

Innervation: CN X
Action: Aids in swallowing

Question 9

Inferior constrictor m: OIIA?

Answer 9

Origin: Cricopharyngeus: lateral aspect of arch of cricoid cartilage. Thyropharyngeus: oblique line of laminar of thyroid cartilage and fibrous cricothyroid arch
Insertion: Cricopharyngeus: continuous with muscle of opposite side, behind pharynx. Thyropharyngeus : lower pharyngeal raphe

Innervation: CN X
Action: Aids in swallowing. Cricopharyngeus acts as upper esophageal sphincter

Question 10

Buccinator m: OIIA?

Answer 10

Origin: External alveolar margins of maxilla and mandible by molar teeth, to maxillary tubercle and pterygoid hamulus and posterior mylohyoid line respectively, then via pterygomandibular raphe between bones
Insertion: Decussates at modiolus of mouth and interdigitates with opposite side

Innervation: CN VII
Action: Tenses cheeks in blowing and whistling, aids closure of mouth, aids in mastication

Question 11

Tensor veli palatini m: OIIA?

Answer 11

Origin: Scaphoid fossa and medial aspect of spine of sphenoid bone
Insertion: Palatine aponeurosis (via pulley of pterygoid hamulus)

Innervation: CN V
Action: Tenses soft palate prior to elevation

Question 12

Levator veli palatini m: OIIA?

Answer 12

Origin: Apex of inferior surface of petrous temporal bone and medial rim of auditory tube
Insertion: Palatine aponeurosis

Innervation: CN X
Action: Elevates, retracts and lateral deviates soft palate. May open auditory tube on swallowing

Question 13

Stylopharyngeus m: OIIA?

Answer 13

Origin: Styloid process
Insertion: Posterior lateral border of thyroid cartilage

Innervation: CN IX
Action: Elevates larynx and pharynx to aid in swallowing

Question 14

Mylohyoid m: OIIA?

Answer 14

Origin: Mylohyoid line on internal aspect of mandible
Insertion: Anterior three quarters-midline raphe. Posterior quarter-superior border of body of hyoid bone

Innervation: CN V–n. to the mylohyoid
Action: Elevates hyoid bone, supports and raises floor of mouth. Aids in mastication and swallowing

Question 15

Hyoglossus m:OIIA?

Answer 15

Origin: Superior border of greater cornu of hyoid bone
Insertion: Lateral sides of tongue

Innervation: CN XII
Action: Depresses tongue

Question 16

What does the sigmoid sinus drain into?

Answer 16

IJV

Question 17

The internal laryngeal n innervates the _____________ and the external laryngeal n innervates the ______________.

Answer 17

• Voice box

- Cricothyroid m.

Question 18

Cricothyroid m: OIIA?

Answer 18

Origin: cricoid cartilage
Insertion: thyroid cartilage

Innervation: External branch of the superior laryngeal branch of CN X
Action: Lengthens and tenses vocal cords by tilting thyroid cartilage forwards

Question 19

The left side of the recurrent laryngeal n. (of CN X) goes around the _____________ and the right side goes around the ____________.

Answer 19

• Aorta

- Right subclavian a.

Question 20

What mm. does the recurrent laryngeal n. innervate?

Answer 20

All mm. of the larynx except cricothyroid

Question 21

What m. does CN IX wrap around to make stripe like on a Barber’s Pole?

Answer 21

Stylopharyngeus m.

Question 22

Which nasal concha(e) is/are separate bones? What bone(s) is/are the other concha(e) a part of?

Answer 22

• Inferior nasal concha is its own bone

- Superior and middle are part of the ethmoid

Question 23

The dens lies posterior to which part of the pharynx/larynx?

Answer 23

Nasopharynx

Question 24

Where do all of the constrictor mm. insert?

Answer 24

Median raphe of the pharynx