Chapter 7- Bones and Muscles

Question 1

The bones of an infant’s cranium are connected by tough membranes known as _________, made of fibrous connective tissue; these are responsible for the “soft spots” on the top and back of an infant’s head.

Answer 1

Fontanels

Question 2

Between the vertebrae are disks of flexible cartilage called ________, which allow the spine to bend and twist somewhat.

Answer 2

Intervertebral disks

Question 3

What is the tough, rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joints between bones?

Answer 3

Cartilage

Question 4

A severe lateral curvature of the spine is known as:

Answer 4

Scoliosis

Question 5

The cranial bones are joined tightly together at uneven lines known as:

Answer 5

Sutures

Question 6

Certain bones of the skull are designed with hollow spaces known as:

Answer 6

Sinuses

Question 7

The smallest bones of the human body are:

Answer 7

The ear bones:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Question 8

The chief structural member of the body is the:

Answer 8

Vertebral column

Question 9

The vital internal organs of the thoracic cavity are protected by the bones of the chest which make up the:

Answer 9

Thoracic cage

Question 10

The most prominent bones in the thoracic cage are the:

Answer 10

Ribs

Question 11

What skeletal system includes the 126 bones that form the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and the appendages?

Answer 11

Appendicular skeleton

Question 12

The appendicular skeleton includes the 126 bones that form what three things?

Answer 12

Pelvic girdle (hips)
Pectoral girdle (shoulders)
Appendages (arms and legs)

Question 13

The largest bones of the pectoral girdle are the shoulder blades are the _________, contain the sockets of the arms.

Answer 13

Scapulae

Question 14

Each scapula is braced by a collarbone, or __________, that attaches to the top of your sternum.

Answer 14

Clavicle

Question 15

What is a strong cable of tough fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone?

Answer 15

Tendon

Question 16

What is the largest bone in the entire body?

Answer 16

Femur

Question 17

Bones are classified into 4 categories based upon their shape and size; what are these categories?

Answer 17

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

Question 18

Which category of bones serve to support the weight of your body and work with your muscles to provide movement; examples of it include the humerus, ulna, and femur?

Answer 18

Long bones

Question 19

Which category of bones are nearly as wide as they are long, and examples include the metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges?

Answer 19

Short bones

Question 20

Which category of bones often have the job of protecting vital organs and examples of it are the ribs and the cranial bones?

Answer 20

Flat bones

Question 21

Which category of bones cannot easily be classified into one of the three first categories (long, short, flat) and examples include the vertebrae?

Answer 21

Irregular bones

Question 22

A bone’s shaft is sometimes referred to as the:

Answer 22

Diaphysis

Question 23

The bulged end of of a bone is referred to as:

Answer 23

Epiphysis

Question 24

The outer shell of the bone is composed of a strong, dense substance called a _________, which gives the bone great strength and rigidity?

Answer 24

Compact bone

Question 25

What inside the epiphysis replaces the compact bone and is a lightweight, porous tissue?

Answer 25

Spongy bone

Question 26

The spongy bone provides tiny open spaces for cells of ________, special tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood cells for the body’s circulatory and immune system.

Answer 26

Red marrow

Question 27

What cavity serves to house red marrow in the bones of infants and children?

Answer 27

Medullary cavity or marrow cavity

Question 28

In adults, the red marrow in the medullary cavity is replaced by a fatty substance called ___________, which apparently serves to store fats.

Answer 28

Yellow marrow

Question 29

Running between the crystals of hydroxyapatite are reinforcing fibers of _______, a tough, resilient protein that serves the same purpose as the steel rods in reinforced concrete, helping to prevent the mineral crystals from being pulled away from each other.

Answer 29

Collagen

Question 30

What are the special cells that constantly move through your bones, removing old materials to make room for new?

Answer 30

Osteoclasts

Question 31

What cells move into the Haversian canals behind the osteoclasts, constructing new collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals as they go?

Answer 31

Osteoblasts

Question 32

Vitamin D deficiency in children causes _______, a disease in which the bones are weak and deformed.

Answer 32

Rickets

Question 33

What law states that bones adjust their shapes to the physical stress placed upon them?

Answer 33

Wolff’s law

Question 34

When a baby is developing in the mother’s womb, special cells begin to construct the forms of the body’s bones out of cartilage or membrane material. When these cartilage forms were complete, osteoblasts begin to move through them, replacing the soft, rubbery cartilage with collagen-reinforced hydroxyapatite. What is this process called?

Answer 34

Ossification

Question 35

A break or crack in a bone is called a:

Answer 35

Fracture

Question 36

What kind of fracture occurs when a bone cracks or breaks but does not pierce through the skin?

Answer 36

Simple fracture

Question 37

What kind of fracture occurs when a broken bone pierces through the skin?

Answer 37

Compound fracture

Question 38

Unlike most body tissues, ______ heals with its own cells and not those of scar tissue.

Answer 38

Bone

Question 39

What vitamins does one need for healthy bones?

Answer 39

A,C, and D

Question 40

The places where bones join, or articulate, are called:

Answer 40

Joints

Question 41

The articular cartilage is lubricated with a clear, water-based lubricant known as:

Answer 41

Synovial fluid

Question 42

The bones are held together by strong bands of fibrous connective tissue called:

Answer 42

Ligaments

Question 43

What is the division of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and appendages?

Answer 43

Appendicular skeleton

Question 44

What is the division of the skeleton that includes the bones of the skull and spine?

Answer 44

Axial skeleton

Question 45

The bones of the pectoral girdle:

Answer 45

Scapulae

Clavicles

Question 46

What is known as the brain case and protects the brain?

Answer 46

Cranium

Question 47

What is the total awareness of the movements of the body?

Answer 47

Muscle sense