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Biology > Chapter 11-Integumentary, Excratory, and Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 11-Integumentary, Excratory, and Endocrine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Three of your body’s systems that are heavily involved in maintaining homeostasis are the:

A

Integumentary system
Excretory system
Endocrine system

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2
Q

What system of the body that was designed specifically for homeostasis and covers the outside of the body?

A

Integumentary system

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3
Q

The integumentary system, which most of us know as the ________, covers the outside of the body.

A

Skin

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4
Q

The skin provides what three critical services of the body?

A

Communication
Secretion
Protection

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5
Q

The part of the skin which is exposed to the environment and has no blood vessels is the:

A

Epidermis

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6
Q

What condition results when epidermal cells are being formed and discarded too rapidly?

A

Psoriasis

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7
Q

What are the three layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer

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8
Q

What is a tough, waterproof, protein fiber that is manufactured in cytoplasm, strengthening and hardening the cell?

A

Keratin

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9
Q

What is the pigment that is responsible for skin color?

A

Melanin

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10
Q

What is the most complex layer of skin?

A

Dermis

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11
Q

What are the two protein fibers that are produced by connective tissue located in the dermis which give skin its ability to stretch and its elasticity, which is the ability to return to its original shape.

A

Elastin

Collagen

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12
Q

What is the layer of tissue underneath the dermis that is a fatty layer of loose connective tissue which binds skin to the underlying organs and acts as an insulator as well as a shock absorber?

A

Subcutaneous layer

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13
Q

A serious problem for sunbathers is ____________, where cells reproduce more rapidly than normally. Scientists believe that the ultraviolet radiation not absorbed by melanin causes cells deep in the epidermis to mutate, interfering with the cells’ ability to pass on the proper genetic code to their replacements.

A

Skin cancer

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14
Q

Hair grows from a ____________, a tube lying vertically in the dermis and designed to manufacture hair.

A

Hair follicle

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15
Q

What itself is built from epidermal cells that fully keratinize?

A

Hair shaft

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16
Q

The hair follicle is also for a group of smooth muscle cells called ____________ muscles. When you are cold, these muscles contract, giving your skin its goosebumps; this muscle action alerts your skin and alerts you to further protect yourself.

A

Arrector pili

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17
Q

The built-in maintenance of a stable internal environment is known as:

A

Homeostasis

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18
Q

Sebaceous glands produce substances known as ___________, an oil that waterproofs your skin and ensures that it remains soft and flexible.

A

Sebum

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19
Q

The primary function of the ____________ is to help regulate body temperature.

A

Sweat glands

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20
Q

What are the openings in the skin that are connected to the sweat glands?

A

Pores

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21
Q

Pores in the skin are connected to the sweat glands by:

A

Sweat ducts

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22
Q

The removal of waste substances from the body is known as:

A

Excretion

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23
Q

What is the major part of the excretory system that excretes the liquid waste urine?

A

Urinary system

24
Q

The urinary system excretes what liquid waste?

A

Urine

25
Q

What are the most important excretory organs whose primary function is to cleanse the blood of wastes and remove those wastes from the body?

A

Kidneys

26
Q

Each kidney is made up of about a million working units called:

A

Nephrons

27
Q

When blood enters a nephron, it first passes through a sievelike structure called a ___________, which consists of a cluster of capillaries with perforated walls; this is where the filtering happens.

A

Glomerulus

28
Q

The glomerulus is surrounded by a spherical container called a ______________, which collects the water and dissolved substances that escape the blood through the holes.

A

Bowman’s capsule

29
Q

Once the fluid is in the Bowman’s capsule, it then flows through a long, thin tube called the _____________, which is surrounded by hundreds of blood capillaries.

A

Renal tubule

30
Q

The return of the glucose molecules, hormones, and other useful substances in the filtered fluid to the blood is called:

A

Reabsorption

31
Q

The water and dissolved substances that have flowed through the renal tubule and have gone through reabsorption is now known as __________, which then drains out of the nephron and us pumped down to the bladder for later expulsion from the body.

A

Urine

32
Q

The filtering action of the glomerulus requires a certain amount of blood pressure to push the molecules through the holes in the capillary walls. If the blood pressure drops too low, the kidneys may have difficulty functioning. If this situation occurs, the kidneys release an enzyme called _______________that acts on the circulatory system to increase blood pressure.

A

Renin

33
Q

An artificial kidney uses the process of ________, which refers to separating molecules of different sizes using a membrane.

A

Dialysis

34
Q

If the kidneys are a bused or if they malfunction, concentrating the urine too much, some substances which normally are dissolved in urine crystallize in the kidneys, for in solid, rocklike particles of calcium and other substances. When these particles break loose from the kidney and make their way through the urinary system they cause intense pain. A person in thus condition is said to have:

A

Kidney stones

35
Q

When uric acid is not filtered out properly by the kidney, it may accumulate in the joints of the body, causing pain. This condition is known as:

A

Gout

36
Q

What stores urine until it is discharged to the outside through the urethra?

A

Urinary bladder

37
Q

What is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?

A

Urethra

38
Q

What system of the body communicates by means of chemicals rather than by electrochemical impulses?

A

Endocrine system

39
Q

What kind of gland manufactures and secretes their products into the blood?

A

Endocrine gland

40
Q

All the glands of the body can be divided into what two types?

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

41
Q

What kind of glands manufacture and secrete their products to the outside of the body?

A

Exocrine glands

42
Q

The messengers produced by the endocrine glands are called ____________, a term meaning “stimulators,” due to their very powerful effects at very low concentrations, and it helps you to grow, use your food, to react to dangerous situations, and helps many organs to operate.

A

Hormones

43
Q

What gland is sometimes called the “master gland” because it affects the other endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary gland

44
Q

What is the part of the brain that connects to the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

45
Q

What is also called the growth hormone, and is the hormone that regulates skeletal growth?

A

Somatotropin

46
Q

When too much of the somatotropin (growth hormone) is produced during the growing years, a condition known as ____________ develops, in which a person may grow seven to nine feet tall.

A

Pituitary gigantism

47
Q

If too little somatotropin (growth hormone) is produced during the growing years, a condition known as _____________ develops, where the person would be rather short.

A

Pituitary dwarfism

48
Q

If the pituitary gland produces too much somatotropin after normal childhood development, _____________ may result, a condition in which the bones of the head, hands, and feet become enlarged.

A

Acromegaly

49
Q

The pituitary gland secretes ____________, the hormones which affect the development of the reproductive organs.

A

Gonadotropins

50
Q

What gland is located in the neck, slightly below the larynx, and regulates the rate of chemical activity in the body’s cells?

A

Thyroid gland

51
Q

The thyroid gland secreted ____________, a hormone that regulates general activities related to metabolism and oxidation.

A

Thyroxine

52
Q

What gland determines the rate at which food is changed into energy?

A

Thyroid gland

53
Q

Children affected by a deficiency of thyroxine during infancy are said to be suffering from ___________. People suffering from cretinism develop stunted bodies with short limbs and enlarged heads.

A

Cretinism

54
Q

What condition results when the thyroid gland of adults becomes less active than normal and many body functions slow down, the heart rate is reduced, and sometimes the heart becomes enlarged?

A

Hypothyroidism

55
Q

What condition results from an overactive thyroid gland, and people who have this condition are generally very thin, restless, and nervous, and where the heart beats faster than normal, and sometime a shaking of the hands develops?

A

Hyperthyroidism

56
Q

A lack of iodine causes thyroxine to enlarge, producing a ____________, a swelling of the neck.

A

Simple goiter

Biology (22 decks)

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