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Biology > Chapter 10-Circulation & Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 10-Circulation & Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is pumped away from the heart through the:

A

arteries

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2
Q

Blood is pumped away from the heart through the arteries, and it moves back to the heart through the:

A

veins

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3
Q

The vessels which link the larger vessels are the microscopic:

A

capillaries

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4
Q

About 55% of the total blood volume is a liquid called:

A

Plasma

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5
Q

45% of the blood consists of what three things?

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
Platelets

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6
Q

What is the most plentiful of the blood proteins, and is manufactured in the liver and helps you regulate the amount of water in the blood?

A

albumin

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7
Q

What are made in the liver as well as in lymph tissue, and are a broad category of blood proteins that help to transport fats throughout the body and help fight infections?

A

Globulins

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8
Q

What is a blood protein made in the liver, and helps in the clotting of blood?

A

Fibrinogen

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9
Q

What are the three blood proteins that are all created in the liver?

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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10
Q

If a person loses too much blood or plasma as a result of an injury or a burn, the body’s blood pressure may fall to critical low, causing a condition known as:

A

Circulatory shock

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11
Q

What is a master of design for doing its job of carrying oxygen?

A

Red blood cell, or erythrocyte

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12
Q

The cytoplasm of red blood cells contains _____________, a special iron containing blood protein which binds easily to oxygen and gives its characteristics red color.

A

Hemoglobin

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13
Q

What is a disorder resulting from too little oxygen being transported to body cells?

A

Anemia

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14
Q

A unique disease of the erythrocytes is____________, a genetic disease caused by a genetic defect in the hemoglobin molecules that causes them to clump together into elongated crystals under certain conditions.

A

Sickle-cell anemia

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15
Q

Surplus red blood cells are stored in the __________ until they are needed.

A

Spleen

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16
Q

What is a hand-sized organ located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach, and supplies the body with stored red blood cells whenever it needs extra oxygen-carriers, such as during exercise or when moving from sea level to the mountains?

A

Spleen

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17
Q

The blood contains several kinds of ____________, which are produced in the bone marrow and the lymph nodes.

A

White blood cells, or leukocytes

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18
Q

What is a form of cancer in which white blood cells are produced in uncontrollable numbers?

A

Leukemia

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19
Q

The job of patrolling your 60,000 miles of blood vessels for leaks belongs to your _______, tiny disk-shaped cell fragments produced in the bone marrow that serve as roving patch kits.

A

Platelets

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20
Q

In large blood vessels or in areas of more extensive damage, a process known as ______, is used to seal the break.

A

Clotting

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21
Q

If the blood clot is on the surface of the skin, a ________ develops, and healing begins along the perimeter of the wound.

A

Scab

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22
Q

An inherited disease called __________ results in the inability to form blood clots.

A

Hemophilia

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23
Q

The heart, the blood vessels, and the blood they contain all make up the:

A

Cardiovascular system

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24
Q

Red blood cells contain “identification tags;” these tags are referred to as ___________ because they trigger the immune system to attack the red blood cells when the wrong types of blood are mixed, causing the cells to clump together or agglutinate.

A

Antigens or agglutinogens

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25
Q

Anyone can receive what type of blood because its red blood cells have neither A nor B “tags” to alarm the recipient’s immune system?

A

Type O blood

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26
Q

People with type O blood are sometimes called _________ because they can donate to people of any blood type.

A

Universal donors

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27
Q

What blood type individual can receive any type of blood because neither of these “tags” alarm his immune system?

A

Type AB blood

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28
Q

People with type AB blood are sometimes called ______________, because neither A nor B “tags” alarm his immune system.

A

Universal recipients

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29
Q

People that contain the “identification tag” known as the Rh factor are said to be:

A

Rh positive

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30
Q

People who lack the “identification tag” known as Rh positive are said to be:

A

Rh negative

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31
Q

Who was the seventeenth-century Englishman who was the first to describe the circulation of blood accurately, and called the heart “the sovereign of the body”?

A

William Harvey

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32
Q

The heart is encased within a tough white sac called the __________, which helps support and protect the heart.

A

Pericardium

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33
Q

Internally, the main features of the heart are its four hollow spaces, or:

A

Chambers

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34
Q

The pumping mechanism of the heart consists of two ventricles and two thin-walled upper chambers, called:

A

Atria

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35
Q

The pumping mechanism of the heart consists of two atria and two thick-walled lower chambers called:

A

Ventricles

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36
Q

A thick vertical wall called the __________ divides the left atrium and left ventricle from the right atrium and right ventricle.

A

Septum

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37
Q

The walls of the heart’s four chambers can be divided into three layers; the most important is the ___________, which contains the muscles of the heart.

A

Myocardium

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38
Q

Lining the interior of the heart’s chambers is the _________, which provides a smooth coating for the heart’s interior.

A

Endocardium

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39
Q

The outside of the heart is with a layer of slippery tissue called the __________, which allows the heart to move easily within the pericardial sac as it beats.

A

Epicardium

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40
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Myocardium
Endocardium
Epicardium

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41
Q

Blood is prevented from flowing in the wrong direction by means of four ______, that are strategically located in the heart.

A

Valves

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42
Q

Two of the valves of the heart are known as ________ because they allow blood to flow from each atrium into the corresponding ventricle.

A

A-V valves

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43
Q

What kind of valve of the heart connects the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid valve

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44
Q

What kind of valve of the heart connects the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

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45
Q

Two valves of the heart are known as ________ because each of their three cusps is shaped somewhat like the crescent moon.

A

Semilunar valve

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46
Q

What kind of valve of the heart allows blood to exit the left ventricle and enter the aorta?

A

Aortic semilunar valve

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47
Q

What kind of valve of the heart allows blood to exit the right ventricle and enter the pulmonary arteries?

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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48
Q

Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the __________, which is the body’s largest veins.

A

Venae cavae

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49
Q

What returns blood from the upper part of the body?

A

Superior vena cava

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50
Q

What returns blood from the lower part of the body?

A

Inferior vena cava

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51
Q

What kind of artery transports blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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52
Q

What travels back to the heart from the lungs through four pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium and left ventricle, inflating them?

A

Oxygenated blood

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53
Q

Oxygenated blood travels back to the heart from the lungs through four __________-two for each lung-and enters the left atrium and left ventricle, inflating them.

A

Pulmonary veins

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54
Q

Blood enters the blood vessels that pass over the surface of the heart and into its interior by means of the two ___________, which branch from the base of the aorta.

A

Coronary arteries

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55
Q

After supplying the cardiac muscle tissues with fuel and oxygen, blood leaves these tissues through blood vessels known as ___________, which collect the blood from the tissues of the heart and carry it to a larger vein called the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium.

A

Cardiac veins

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56
Q

When an obstruction large enough to block a major branch of a coronary artery, it can block the supply of blood to a large portion of heart muscle; when this occurs, a person is said to have suffered a _______, a type of heart failure caused by a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscles.

A

Heart attack

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57
Q

What condition occurs when the heart ceases to beat and instead twitches randomly?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

58
Q

Many heart repairs require the aid of a __________ because the heart must be stopped and often reopened.

A

Heart-lung machine

59
Q

The simplest type of coronary artery repair is __________, a procedure which does not involve opening the chest.

A

Angioplasty

60
Q

Sometimes the clogs in the coronary arteries are too extensive to be helped by angioplasty and a _____________ must be performed.

A

Coronary artery bypass

61
Q

In what kind of heart surgery does the surgeon remove a faulty heart valve and replaces it with an artificial valve or with a valve from a pig’s heart?

A

Valve-replacement surgery

62
Q

What kind of surgery becomes necessary when he heart is damaged beyond repair?

A

Heart transplant

63
Q

What is the body’s major artery?

A

Aorta

64
Q

The contracting and pumping phase of the heart action is called:

A

Systole

65
Q

The relaxing and filling phase of the heart is know as:

A

Diastole

66
Q

The cardiac cycle is perceived as a:

A

Heartbeat

67
Q

An abnormal rushing or blowing sound produced by valve damage is called a:

A

Heart murmur

68
Q

What kind of muscle cells are short, branched, and contain only one nucleus per cell?

A

Cardiac muscle cells

69
Q

What kind of muscle cells lack the fuel and oxygen storage systems of skeletal muscle cells in order to make room for more mitochondria “power plants”?

A

Cardiac muscle cells

70
Q

One of the differences of cardiac muscle and skeletal muscles is that cardiac muscles are ___________, which means that the cardiac muscles will beat even if separated from the heart.

A

Self-exciting

71
Q

The beating of the heart is regulated by a system of special heart cells known as the:

A

Cardiac conduction system

72
Q

The master control unit of the heart is the:

A

Sinoatrial node or S-A node

73
Q

What is the source of the electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat and for this reason it is commonly referred to as the pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial node or S-A node

74
Q

What is the doctor that specializes in the heart and its disorders?

A

Cardiologist

75
Q

A cardiologist can study the electrical activity of the heart by means of an ___________, which detects the tiny electrical currents in the heart by means of electrodes taped to the patient’s chest, arms, and legs.

A

Electrocardiogram

76
Q

What are the three main kids if blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

77
Q

What kind of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

A

Artery

78
Q

What kind of blood vessel brings blood to the heart?

A

Vein

79
Q

What kind of tiny blood vessel links the arteries and veins and are the functional units of the circulatory system?

A

Capillaries

80
Q

As arteries branch deep into the body, they form smaller blood vessels known as _________, which branch into myriads of microscopic capillaries.

A

Arterioles

81
Q

Capillaries merge to form small blood vessels known as _________, which, in turn, become veins.

A

Venules

82
Q

The movement of blood through all parts of the body except the lungs is called:

A

Systemic circulation

83
Q

The ________, which leaves the heart from the left ventricle, branches into smaller arteries which enter every organ of the body.

A

Aorta

84
Q

Branching from the aortic arch are the two ______________, which carry blood to the head and brain.

A

Carotid arteries

85
Q

What kind of arteries branch off to carry blood to the arms?

A

Subclavian arteries

86
Q

What kind of arteries enter the legs to form the femoral arteries, which supply the legs with blood?

A

Common iliac arteries

87
Q

The common iliac arteries enter the legs to form the _____________, which supply the legs with blood.

A

Femoral arteries

88
Q

Smaller veins which connect with the venae cavae include the _____________, which drain the head.

A

Jugular veins

89
Q

What kind of veins drain the arms?

A

Subclavian veins

90
Q

What kind of veins drains the legs?

A

Femoral veins

91
Q

The movement of blood between the heart and the lungs is known as:

A

Pulmonary circulation

92
Q

The movement of blood from the digestive organs to the liver is called _____________; it is part of the larger systemic circulation system.

A

Portal circulation

93
Q

What kind of vein carries blood to the liver from the digestive tract?

A

Hepatic portal vein

94
Q

What kind of vein returns blood to the inferior vena cava from the liver?

A

Hepatic vein

95
Q

The movement of blood from the body organs through the kidneys is known as:

A

Renal circulation

96
Q

What is a branch of the aorta that carries blood to the kidneys, where the blood is filtered and various wastes are removed?

A

Renal artery

97
Q

What vein returns blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava?

A

Renal vein

98
Q

Most heart attacks result from a blockage of the arteries caused by a slowly developing disease called _____________, or “hardening of the arteries.”

A

Atherosclerosis

99
Q

Deposits of fatty material and calcium build up to form _____________, which makes the linings of of the blood vessels rough.

A

Plaque

100
Q

Liver infections known as _____________ can be acquired by several means, including skin contact, contaminated food, and blood transfusions; it is especially common among intravenous drug users.

A

Viral hepatitis

101
Q

Alcohol abuse can cause ___________ of the liver, the buildup of fatty deposits and fibrous tissue in the liver.

A

Cirrhosis

102
Q

The amount of force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels is known as:

A

Blood pressure

103
Q

An individual whose resting blood pressure exceeds either 130 mmHg systolic or 90 mmHg diastolic is suffering from _______________, known medically as hypertension.

A

High blood pressure

104
Q

What is the medical term for high blood pressure?

A

Hypertension

105
Q

The rhythmic change of pressure in your arteries is known as your:

A

Pulse

106
Q

The leading cause of death among Americans is ______________, which actually refers to several conditions of the heart, veins, and arteries, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and stroke.

A

Cardiovascular disease

107
Q

What are the two main types of circulation?

A

Systemic circulation

Pulmonary circulation

108
Q

What system of your body functions to supply the body with oxygen and to rid it of excess carbon dioxide?

A

Respiratory system

109
Q

The primary organs of your respiratory system are your two ________, large, spongy organs located inside the thoracic cavity on opposite sides of your heart.

A

Lungs

110
Q

The process of breathing-inhaling and exhaling air-and gas exchange is called:

A

External respiration

111
Q

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood cells and the tissue cells is called:

A

Internal respiration

112
Q

What kind of respiration takes place within the cells and is the process of releasing energy from food?

A

Cellular respiration

113
Q

What are the irregularly shaped pockets, or air spaces, in the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal meatuses

114
Q

What is the opening of the trachea?

A

Glottis

115
Q

What is the flap of tissue which covers the opening of the trachea?

A

Epiglottis

116
Q

Inside the boxlike larynx are two fold of elastic tissue called ________, which produce sound for speech.

A

Vocal cords

117
Q

The trachea divides into two branches, the ________, when it enters the thoracic cavity.

A

Bronchi

118
Q

Each branch of the trachea is called a ___________, and one of which enters each lung.

A

Bronchus

119
Q

As each bronchus enters a lung, it divides into many branches called:

A

Bronchial tubes

120
Q

The bronchial tubes branch many times to form still smaller tubes called:

A

Bronchioles

121
Q

The smallest bronchioles end in small saclike structures called:

A

Alveoli

122
Q

The inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes is called:

A

Bronchitis

123
Q

Severe bronchitis can lead to ___________, a bacterial or viral infection of the linings in the lungs which causes the lungs to secrete large quantities of fluid.

A

Pneumonia

124
Q

What is an allergic condition characterized by spasms of the bronchial tube muscles, which cause the tubes to suddenly constrict, making breathing difficult?

A

Bronchial asthma

125
Q

A double membrane called the ___________ lines the inside of the rib cage, providing lubrication to prevent friction between the ribs and the delicate surface of the lungs.

A

Pleural membrane

126
Q

Sometimes the pleural membrane becomes inflamed, a painful condition known as:

A

Pleurisy

127
Q

What is the thick sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

128
Q

Speech originates in the throat, inside a delicately designed organ called the ________, or “voice box,” a special enlargement of the trachea.

A

Larynx

129
Q

Several _____________ act together to move the vocal cords in an open-closed movement.

A

Laryngeal muscles

130
Q

What are the muscles attached to the ribs and breastbone called?

A

Intercostal muscles

131
Q

What is the process where air rushes into the lungs to equalize the pressure in the chest cavity and the lungs?

A

Inhalation

132
Q

What is the process where air rushes from the lungs to equalize the pressure in the chest cavity and lungs?

A

Exhalation

133
Q

When you inhale and exhale as much as you can, that volume is called the:

A

Vital capacity

134
Q

When we breathe normally, we inhale and exhale approximately 30 cubic inches; this normal amount is called the:

A

Tidal volume

135
Q

The most common respiratory disease of all is the:

A

Common cold

136
Q

What common respiratory disease is caused by viruses that infect the respiratory system, causing fever, aching muscles, headache, and chest pain?

A

Influenza

137
Q

What kind of respiratory disease is caused by a slow-growing bacterium that infects the lungs?

A

Tuberculosis

138
Q

What is a progressive deterioration of the alveoli caused by malfunctioning enzymes, and can also result from genetic causes, chronic bronchitis, and continuous exposure to smoke or other irritants?

A

Emphysema

139
Q

What is one of the most common hereditary diseases in the United States that is caused by a genetic defect that affects the chlorine gates of lung cell membranes, hindering the lungs’ defenses against bacterial infection and causing them to fill with a thick, gummy mucous?

A

Cystic fibrosis

140
Q

What is the most devastating respiratory disease that is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal lung cells?

A

Lung cancer

141
Q

What part of the brain controls your breathing?

A

Medulla Oblongata

Biology (22 decks)

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