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Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed

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2
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy

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3
Q

Where does nearly all the energy for life on earth come from?

A

The sun

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4
Q

What is in autotroph?

A

Something that makes its own food

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5
Q

What is the heterotroph?

A

Something that needs to ingest food

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6
Q

What is an example of an autotrophs?

A

Plant

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7
Q

What is an example of a heterotroph?

A

A ladybug

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8
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the chemical reactions in a cell

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9
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

They release energy by breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules

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10
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

They use energy released by catabolic pathways to build smaller molecules into larger molecules

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11
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

CO2 and H2O

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12
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

O2 and glucose

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13
Q

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

A

O2 and glucose

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14
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

CO2 and H2O

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15
Q

What is the most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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16
Q

What is the relationship between ATP and ADP?

A

ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken forming ADP

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17
Q

Electrons from carbon compounds such as glucose are collected and the energy is used to make what?

A

ATP

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18
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2+H2O+light = C6H12O6+6O2

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19
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6+6O2 = 6CO2+6H2O+energy

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20
Q

The cellular respiration begin with?

A

A process called glycolysis

21
Q

What is an anaerobic process?

A

It doesn’t require oxygen

22
Q

What is an aerobic process?

A

It requires oxygen

23
Q

During glycolysis, ____ __________ groups are joined to _________ using _______ molecules of ________.

A

Two; phosphate; glucose; two; ATP

24
Q

The _____-carbon molecule is broken down into _____ ______-carbon compounds.

A

6; two; 3

25
Q

______ ________ are added, and _________ and __________ ions combine with ____ _______ molecules to form ____ ________ molecules.

A

Two; phosphates; electrons; hydrogen; two; NAD+; two; NADH

26
Q

How many molecules of ATP are made in glycolysis?

A

Four

27
Q

And what part of cellular respiration is pyruvate made?

A

Glycolysis

28
Q

Where is the pyruvate transported to after glycolysis?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

29
Q

What is the pyruvate to converted to in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Carbon dioxide

30
Q

Before pyruvate enters the Kreb Cycle, it reacts with ______ to form ______.

A

Coenzyme; acetyl CoA

31
Q

When carbon dioxide is released, _______ is changed to _______?

A

NAD+; NADH

32
Q

Acetyl CoA then moves to the ____________ _______ and combines with _____-carbon molecules to form _______ _____

A

Mitochondrial; matrix; 4; citric; acid

33
Q

When citric acid is broken down, how many molecules of carbon dioxide is released? ATP? NADH? FADH2?

A

Two; 1; 3; 1

34
Q

How much ATP, NADH, and FADH2 is made in all?

A

2; 8; 1

35
Q

What is the final stage of cellular respiration?

A

Electron transport

36
Q

Hi energy electrons and protons from N a DH and F a DH2 are used to change what into what?

A

ADP into ATP

37
Q

Electrons and protons are released from NADH and FADH2 into where?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

38
Q

Electron transport makes how many ATP molecules?

A

32

39
Q

What is the main function of electron transport?

A

Electrons and protons combine with oxygen to make water

40
Q

What is anaerobic respiration also known as?

A

Fermentation

41
Q

What does fermentation follow in cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

42
Q

What causes fermentation to take place?

A

When oxygen is low

43
Q

Fermentation makes a small amount of ______ and regenerates ________ so glycolysis can continue?

A

ATP; NAD+

44
Q

Lactic acid fermentation changes pyruvate into what?

A

Lactic acid

45
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation occur? When does it occur?

A

Skeletal muscles; after strenuous exercise

46
Q

What is lactic acid used to make?

A

Cheese and yoghurt

47
Q

Where does alcohol fermentation occur?

A

Yeast and some bacteria

48
Q

Alcohol fermentation converted to pyruvate into what and what?

A

Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

49
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

The study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe

Biology (11 decks)

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